(3) location;
(4) true heading; and
(5) scan angle;
(C) for sideways-looking synthetic aperture radar:
(1) at the start of the observation period and at any intermediate location during the observation period where there is a significant change of height above ground level, heading or groundspeed, and at intervals to be determined by the Open Skies Consultative Commission within the period of provisional application:
a) date and time;
b) height above ground level;
c) location;
d) true heading;
e) look down angle to the nearest point of the swath width;
f) swath width; and
g) polarisations;
(2) each time they are measured in order to ensure correct processing of the image:
a) groundspeed;
b) drift;
c) pitch angle; and
d) roll angle.
3. For copies of single frames or strips of imagery produced from the original film negative or other recording media, the items of information listed in paragraphs 1 and 2 of this Section shall be annotated on each positive print.
4. States Parties shall have the right to annotate data collected during an observation flight using either alphanumeric values, or codes to be agreed by the Open Skies Consultative Commission during the period of provisional application.
Appendix 1 to Annex B
1. The reference number of the observation flight shall be indicated by a single group of six alphanumeric characters in accordance with the following convention:
(A) the letters „OS”;
(B) the last digit of the calendar year for which the individual active quota applies; and
(C) a three-digit number to represent each individual observation flight comprising the active quota distributed during the annual review within the framework of the Open Skies Consultative Commission for a calendar year to a State Party over the territory of another State Party.
2. The sensor description shall be indicated by a single block of up to six alphanumeric characters comprising two groups in accordance with the following convention:
(A) a group of up to four characters to represent the category of the sensor in accordance with the following convention:
(1) „OP” - optical panoramic camera;
(2) „OF” - optical framing camera;
(3) „TV” - video camera;
(4) „IRLS” - infra-red line-scanning device; or
(5) „SAR” - sideways-looking synthetic aperture radar;
(B) a group of two characters to represent the type of the recording medium in accordance with the following convention:
(1) „BI” - black and white, iso-panchromatic;
(2) „BM” - black and white, monochromatic;
(3) „BP” - black and white, panchromatic;
(4) „BR” - black and white, reversal;
(5) „TA” - tape, analogue; or
(6) „TD” - tape, digital.
3. The sensor configuration shall be indicated by a single block of up to nine alphanumeric characters comprising three groups in accordance with the following convention:
(A) a group of four alphanumeric characters to represent the installation of the sensor on the observation aircraft either as:
(1) an internal installation, which shall be denoted by the code „INT”, followed by a number to indicate the relative location of the installation of the sensor on the observation aircraft in sequence from nose to tail of the observation aircraft; or
(2) a podded installation, which shall be denoted by the code „POD”, followed by one of the following three letters:
a) „L” - mounted under left wing;
b) „R” - mounted under right wing; or
c) „C” - mounted on the aircraft centre line;
(B) a group of up to three alphanumeric characters to represent the type of installation in accordance with the following convention:
(1) a vertical installation in which the sensor is not tilted more than five degrees from the vertical shall be denoted by the letter „V”;
(2) an oblique installation in which the sensor is tilted more than five degrees from the vertical shall be denoted by one of the following two letters, followed by the depression angle in degrees:
a) „L” - left pointing;
b) „R” - right pointing;
(3) a fan installation of two or more sensors shall be denoted by the letter „F”;
(C) for a fan installation, a group of up to two numbers to indicate the number and position of the sensors as follows:
(1) the first number to indicate the total number of sensors in that installation; and
(2) the second number to indicate the individual sensor position, in sequence from left to right relative to the direction of flight of the observation aircraft.
4. The focal length of a lens shall be provided in millimetres.
5. The date and time shall be provided to the nearest minute of Co-ordinated Universal Time.
6. The average height above ground level of the observation aircraft shall be denoted by a five-digit number, followed by a code to represent the units of measurement in either feet, by the letter „F”, or metres, by the letter „M”.
7. The latitude and longitude of the location of the observation aircraft shall be provided in degrees to the nearest one-hundredth of a degree, in the format „dd.dd (N or S) ddd.dd(E or W)”, or in degrees and minutes to the nearest minute, in the format „dd mm(N or S) ddd mm(E or W)”.
8. The true heading of the observation aircraft shall be provided in degrees to the nearest degree.
9. The roll angle of the observation aircraft shall be provided in degrees followed by a code to indicate whether the roll is to the left, by the letter „L”, or to the right, by the letter „R”.
10. The pitch angle of the observation aircraft shall be provided in degrees followed by a code to indicate whether the pitch is up, by the letter „U”, or down, by the letter „D”, relative to the horizontal.
11. The drift angle of the observation aircraft shall be provided in degrees followed by a code to indicate whether the drift is to the left, by the letter „L”, or to the right, by the letter „R”, relative to the flight path of the observation aircraft.
12. The groundspeed of the observation aircraft shall be denoted by a three-digit number followed by a two-letter code to indicate the units of measurement in either nautical miles, by the letters „NM”, or kilometres, by the letters „KM”, per hour.
13. The nearest point of the swath width shall be provided in kilometres.
14. The look down angle shall be provided in degrees measured from the vertical.
15. The swath width shall be provided in kilometres.
16. For photographic film, each magazine used during an observation flight from the same sensor shall be numbered in sequence starting from one. Each frame on the original film negative exposed by each sensor shall be individually numbered in sequence, from the first frame to the last frame of that magazine of that sensor. In each case when the film is numbered using one or two numbers per frame, a single frame shall be defined without ambiguity by specifying either the number closest to the centre of the frame, or, in the event that the numbers are equidistant from the centre, the smaller whole number.
Pursuant to the provisions of Article V, paragraph 2 of the Treaty, States Parties, when designating aircraft as observation aircraft, shall notify all other States Parties of the information specified below.
1. Identification:
(A) type and model; and
(B) number, category, type and configuration of each sensor installed on the observation aircraft, as provided in accordance with the provisions of Annex B to the Treaty;
2. Mission Planning:
(A) for each type and configuration of sensor installed on the observation aircraft:
(1) for which ground resolution is dependent upon height above ground level, the height above ground level in metres at which that sensor achieves the ground resolution for that category of sensor specified in Article IV, paragraph 2 of the Treaty;
(2) for which ground resolution is not dependent upon height above ground level, the altitude for maximum range;
(B) optimum cruising speed in kilometres per hour at each altitude specified in accordance with subparagraph (A) of this paragraph;
(C) fuel consumption in kilograms per hour at optimum cruising speed at each altitude specified in accordance with subparagraph (A) of this paragraph.
3. Navigation, Communications and Landing Aids:
(A) each type of navigation equipment installed on the observation aircraft, including its positional accuracy, in metres; and
(B) radio communications, approach and landing aid equipment installed on the observation aircraft, in accordance with standard ICAO practice.
4. Ground Handling:
(A) length, wingspan, maximum height, wheel base, and turning radius;
(B) maximum take-off weight and maximum landing weight;
(C) airfield runway length and pavement strength required at maximum take-off and landing weights, including any capability for landing on unpaved strips;
(D) types and capacities of fuel, oils, hydraulic fluid and oxygen;
(E) types of electrical servicing and starting units; and
(F) any special requirements.
5. Accommodation facilities:
(A) number of flight crew;
(B) number of sensor operators;
(C) number of flight representatives, flight monitors or representatives who could be seated on board; and
(D) sleeping berths.
1. Each State Party shall have the right to participate in the certification of an observation aircraft of each type and model and its associated set of sensors designated by another State Party pursuant to Article V of the Treaty, during which the observation aircraft and its sensors shall be examined both on the ground and in-flight.
2. Each certification shall be conducted in order to establish:
(A) that the aircraft is of a type and model designated pursuant to Article V of the Treaty;
(B) that the sensors installed on the observation aircraft are of a category specified in Article IV, paragraph 1 of the Treaty and satisfy the requirements specified in Article IV, paragraph 2 of the Treaty;
(C) that the technical information has been provided in accordance with the provisions of Annex B, Section I to the Treaty;
(D) in the event that the ground resolution of a sensor is dependent upon height above ground level, the minimum height above ground level from which each such sensor installed on an observation aircraft of that type and model may be operated during an observation flight, pursuant to the limitation on ground resolution specified in Article IV, paragraph 2 of the Treaty;
(E) in the event that the ground resolution is not dependent upon height above ground level, the ground resolution of each such sensor installed on an observation aircraft of that type and model, pursuant to the limitation on ground resolution specified in Article IV, paragraph 2 of the Treaty; and
(F) that the covers for sensor apertures or other devices that inhibit the operation of sensors are in their proper position in accordance with the provisions of Article IV, paragraph 4 of the Treaty.
3. Each State Party conducting a certification shall notify all other States Parties, no less than 60 days in advance, of the period of seven days during which the certification of that observation aircraft and its sensors will take place. Such notification shall specify:
(A) the State Party conducting the certification of the observation aircraft and its sensors;
(B) the point of entry at which personnel of the States Parties taking part in the certification should arrive;
(C) the location at which the certification is to be conducted;
(D) the dates on which the certification is to begin and end;
(E) the number, type and model of each observation aircraft to be certified; and
(F) the type and model, description and configuration of each sensor installed on the observation aircraft to be certified, in accordance with the format specified in Annex B, Appendix 1 to the Treaty.
4. No later than ten days after receipt of the notification pursuant to the provisions of paragraph 3 of this Section, each State Party shall notify all other States Parties of its intention to participate in the certification of such aircraft and its sensors pursuant to the provisions of Article IV, paragraph 11. The number of individuals that shall participate in the certification from amongst those States Parties that notified their intention to participate shall be decided upon within the Open Skies Consultative Commission. Unless otherwise agreed, the number of individuals shall total no more than 40 and include no more than four from any one State Party. In the event that two or more States Parties notify their intention to conduct a certification during the same period, it shall be decided within the Open Skies Consultative Commission which of them shall conduct the certification in this period.
5. Each State Party taking part in the certification shall notify the State Party conducting the certification no less than 30 days prior to the date on which the certification of the observation aircraft is to begin, as notified in accordance with paragraph 3 of this Section, of the following:
(A) the names of the individuals taking part in the certification and, in the event that a non-commercial transport aircraft is used to travel to the point of entry, a list of the names of the crew members, in each case specifying gender, date of birth, place of birth and passport number. All such individuals shall be on the list of individuals designated pursuant to Article XIII, Section I of the Treaty;
(B) the date and the estimated time of arrival of such individuals at the point of entry; and
(C) the mode of transport used to arrive at the point of entry.
6. No less than 14 days prior to the date on which the certification of the observation aircraft is to begin, as notified in accordance with paragraph 3 of this Section, the State Party conducting the certification shall provide the States Parties which are taking part in the certification with the following information for each sensor installed on the observation aircraft, and for associated equipment used for the annotation of data collected by sensors:
(A) a description of each constituent part of the sensor, including its purpose, and any connection to associated equipment used for the annotation of data;
(B) photographs taken of each sensor separate from the observation aircraft, in accordance with the following specifications:
(1) each sensor shall fill at least 80 per cent of the photograph either horizontally or vertically;
(2) such photographs may be either colour or black and white and shall measure 18 centimetres by 24 centimetres, excluding the border; and
(3) each photograph shall be annotated with the category of the sensor, its type and model, and the name of the State Party that is presenting the sensor for certification;
(C) instructions on the in-flight operation of each sensor.
7. In the event that no State Party notifies its intention to take part in the certification in accordance with the provisions of paragraph 5 of this Section, the State Party shall conduct by itself an in-flight examination in accordance with the provisions of Section III of this Annex and complete a certification report in accordance with the provisions of Section IV of this Annex.
8. The provisions of Article XIII, Section II of the Treaty shall apply to the personnel of each State Party taking part in the certification during the entire period of their stay on the territory of the State Party conducting the certification.
9. The personnel of each State Party taking part in the certification shall leave the territory of the State Party conducting the certification promptly after signing the certification report.
1. With the approval of the State Party conducting the certification, ground examinations by more than one State Party may be conducted simultaneously. States Parties shall have the right jointly to conduct a ground examination of the observation aircraft and its sensors. The State Party conducting the certification shall have the right to determine the number of personnel engaged at any one time in the ground examination of an observation aircraft and its sensors.
2. Unless otherwise agreed, the ground examination shall not exceed three eight-hour periods for each observation aircraft and its sensors.
3. Prior to the commencement of the ground examination, the State Party conducting the certification shall provide the States Parties taking part in the certification with the following information:
(A) for optical panoramic and framing cameras:
(1) the modulation transfer curve of the response of the lens to spatial frequency (frequency/contrast characteristic) at the maximum relative aperture of that lens, in lines per millimetre;
(2) specifications of the black and white aerial film that will be used to collect data during an observation flight, or for the duplication of such data, in accordance with the provisions of Annex K, Section I, paragraph 2 to the Treaty;
(3) specifications of the film processors which will be used to develop original film negatives and duplicators that will be used to produce film positives or negatives, in accordance with the provisions of Annex K, Section I, paragraph 1 to the Treaty; and
(4) flight test data showing ground resolution as a function of height above ground level for each type of aerial film that will be used with the optical camera;
(B) for video cameras, flight test data from all output devices showing ground resolution as a function of height above ground level;
(C) for infra-red line-scanning devices, flight test data from all output devices showing ground resolution as a function of height above ground level; and
(D) for sideways-looking synthetic aperture radar, flight test data from all output devices showing ground resolution as a function of slant range from the aircraft.
4. Prior to the commencement of the ground examination, the State Party conducting the certification shall provide a briefing to the State Party or States Parties taking part in the certification on:
(A) its plan for the conduct of the ground examination of the observation aircraft and its sensors;
(B) the observation aircraft, as well as its sensors, associated equipment and covers for sensor apertures or other devices that inhibit the operation of sensors, indicating their location on the observation aircraft with the help of diagrams, photographs, slides and other visual materials;
(C) all necessary safety precautions that shall be observed during the ground examination of the observation aircraft and its sensors; and
(D) the inventory procedures that escorts of the State Party conducting the certification intend to use pursuant to paragraph 6 of this Section.
5. Prior to the commencement of the ground examination, each State Party taking part in the certification shall deliver to the State Party conducting the certification a list of each item of equipment to be used during the ground examination or in-flight examination. The States Parties conducting the examination shall be permitted to take on board the observation aircraft and use video cameras, hand-held audio recorders and hand-held electronic computers. The States Parties taking part in the certification shall be permitted to use other items of equipment, subject to the approval of the State Party conducting the certification.
6. The States Parties taking part in the certification shall, together with the State Party conducting the certification, conduct an inventory of each item of equipment provided for in paragraph 5 of this Section, and review the inventory procedures which shall be followed to confirm that each item of equipment brought on board the observation aircraft by the States Parties taking part in the certification has been removed from the observation aircraft upon conclusion of the examination.
7. Personnel of each State Party taking part in the certification shall have the right to conduct the following activities during the ground examination on the observation aircraft and of each sensor installed on the observation aircraft:
(A) confirm that the number and configuration of each sensor installed on the observation aircraft correspond to the information provided in accordance with the provisions of Section I, paragraph 6 of this Annex, Annex C and Annex B, Section I;
(B) familiarize themselves with the installation of each sensor on the observation aircraft, including the constituent parts thereof and their connections to each other and to any associated equipment used for the annotation of data;
(C) obtain a demonstration of the control and operation of each sensor; and
(D) familiarize themselves with the flight test data provided in accordance with the provisions of paragraph 3 of this Section.
8. At the request of any State Party taking part in the certification, the State Party conducting the certification shall photograph any sensor installed on the observation aircraft, the associated equipment on the observation aircraft, or the sensor apertures with their covers or devices which inhibit the operation of sensors. Such photographs shall fulfil the requirements specified in Section I, paragraph 6, subparagraphs (B) (1), (2) and (3) of this Annex.
9. The State Party conducting the certification shall have the right to designate personnel to accompany throughout the ground examination the personnel of the States Parties taking part in the certification to confirm compliance with the provisions of this Section. The personnel of the State Party conducting the certification shall not interfere with the activities of the States Parties taking part in the certification, unless such activities conflict with the safety precautions provided for in paragraph 4, subparagraph (C) of this Section.
10. The State Party conducting the certification shall provide the States Parties taking part in the certification access to the entire observation aircraft, its sensors and associated equipment and sufficient power to operate its sensors and associated equipment. The State Party conducting the certification shall open such compartments or remove panels or barriers, to the extent necessary to permit examination of any sensor and associated equipment subject to certification.
11. Notwithstanding the provisions of this Section, the ground examination shall be conducted in a manner that does not:
(A) degrade, damage, or prevent subsequent operation of the observation aircraft or its sensors;
(B) alter the electrical or mechanical structure of the observation aircraft or its sensors; or
(C) impair the airworthiness of the observation aircraft.
12. The States Parties taking part in the certification shall have the right to take measurements, and make notes, sketches, similar records and recordings using the items of equipment listed in paragraph 5 of this Section, relating to the observation aircraft, its sensors and their associated equipment. Such working materials may be retained by the State Party taking part in the certification and shall not be subject to any review or examination by the State Party conducting the certification.
13. The State Party conducting the certification shall make every effort to answer questions of the States Parties taking part in the certification that pertain to the ground examination.
14. Upon completion of the ground examination, the States Parties taking part in the certification shall leave the observation aircraft, and the State Party conducting the certification shall have the right to use its own inventory procedures set forth in accordance with paragraph 6 of this Section to confirm that all the equipment used during the ground examination in accordance with paragraph 5 of this Section has been removed from the observation aircraft.
1. In addition to conducting a ground examination of the observation aircraft and its sensors, the State Party conducting the certification shall conduct one in-flight examination of its sensors which shall be sufficient to:
(A) permit observation of the operation of all the sensors installed on the observation aircraft;
(B) in the event that the ground resolution of a sensor is dependent upon height above ground level, establish the minimum height above ground level from which each such sensor installed on an observation aircraft of that type and model shall be operated for any observation flight, in accordance with the limitation on ground resolution specified in Article IV, paragraph 2 of the Treaty; and
(C) in the event that the ground resolution of a sensor is not dependent upon height above ground level, establish the ground resolution of each such sensor installed on an observation aircraft of that type and model is in accordance with the limitation on ground resolution specified in Article IV, paragraph 2 of the Treaty.
2. Prior to the commencement of the in-flight examination of the sensors, the State Party conducting the certification shall brief the States Parties participating in the certification on its plan for the conduct of the in-flight examination. This briefing shall include the following information:
(A) a diagram of the calibration targets that it intends to use for the in-flight examination in accordance with the provisions of Appendix 1, Section I, paragraph 5 to this Annex;
(B) the estimated time, meteorological conditions, number, direction and height above ground level of each pass over the calibration target appropriate to each sensor to be certified; and
(C) all necessary safety precautions that shall be observed during the in-flight examination of the observation aircraft and its sensors.
3. Prior to and during the conduct of the in-flight examination, States Parties taking part in the certification shall have the right to visit the location of the calibration targets. The State Party conducting the certification shall provide such items of equipment as required to confirm that the calibration targets meet the specifications set forth in Appendix 1, Section I to this Annex.
4. The in-flight examination shall be conducted during clear atmospheric daytime conditions, unless otherwise agreed, over the calibration targets appropriate to each category of sensor installed on the observation aircraft in accordance with the provisions of Appendix 1, Section II to this Annex, to determine the ground resolution of each sensor.
5. The State Party conducting the certification shall provide such data on the meteorological conditions at the location of the calibration targets during the in-flight examination of the sensors as are necessary to make the calculations in accordance with the methodologies specified in Appendix 1, Section III to this Annex.
6. Each State Party shall have the right to designate personnel to take part in the in-flight examination. In the event that the number of individuals so designated exceeds the passenger capacity of the observation aircraft, the States Parties participating in the certification shall agree which of its personnel shall participate in the in-flight examination.
7. Personnel of the States Parties designated pursuant to paragraph 6 of this Section shall have the right to observe the operation of the sensors by personnel of the State Party conducting the certification.
8. Personnel of the States Parties taking part in the certification shall have the right to monitor the unsealing of the film cassette and the storage, processing and handling of the original film negative exposed during the in-flight examination, in accordance with the provisions of Annex K, Section II to the Treaty.
1. Upon completion of the ground and in-flight examinations, data collected by sensors and from the calibration targets shall be examined jointly by the State Party conducting the certification and the States Parties taking part in the certification. These States Parties shall prepare a certification report which shall establish:
(A) that the observation aircraft is of a type and model designated pursuant to Article V of the Treaty;
(B) that the sensors installed on the observation aircraft are of a category provided for in Article IV, paragraph 1 of the Treaty and satisfy the requirements of Article IV, paragraph 2 of the Treaty;
(C) that the technical information on sensors has been provided in accordance with Annex B, Section I to the Treaty;
(D) in the event that the ground resolution of a sensor is dependent upon height above ground level, the minimum height above ground level at which each such sensor on an observation aircraft of that type and model may be operated during an observation flight pursuant to the limitation on ground resolution specified in Article IV, paragraph 2 of the Treaty;
(E) in the event that the ground resolution is not dependent upon height above ground level, the ground resolution of each such sensor installed on an observation aircraft of that type and model, pursuant to the limitations on ground resolution specified in Article IV, paragraph 2 of the Treaty; and
(F) that the covers for sensor apertures or other devices that inhibit the operation of sensors are in accordance with the provisions of Article IV, paragraph 4 of the Treaty.
2. A copy of the information for each sensor provided pursuant to Section I, paragraph 6 and Section II, paragraphs 3 and 8 of this Annex shall be attached to the certification report.
3. Copies of the certification report shall be provided to all other States Parties by the State Party conducting the certification. States Parties that did not take part in the certification shall not have the right to reject the conclusions contained in the certification report.
4. An observation aircraft and its associated set of sensors shall be deemed to be certified unless the States Parties taking part in the certification are unable to reach agreement on the contents of the certification report.
5. In the event that the State Party conducting the certification and States Parties taking part in the certification are unable to reach agreement on the contents of the certification report, the observation aircraft shall not be used for observation flights until the issue is resolved.
Appendix 1 to Annex D
The ground resolution of each sensor installed on the observation aircraft, and, where its performance depends on height above ground level, the minimum height above ground level at which this sensor may be operated during an observation flight, shall be determined and confirmed on the basis of data collected over calibration targets appropriate to each category of sensor in accordance with the specifications in Section I and calculated in accordance with the methodologies to be determined within the Open Skies Consultative Commission.
1. Calibration targets shall be provided by the State Party conducting the certification in accordance with the provisions of Annex D to the Treaty. Such calibration targets shall be used to establish the ground resolution of sensors, of a type appropriate to each sensor category, and designed in accordance with characteristics specified below.
2. Calibration targets for establishing the ground resolution of optical cameras shall consist of a series of groups of alternating black and white bars. Each group of bars shall consist of a minimum of two black bars separated by a white bar. The width of black and white bars within a group shall remain constant. The width of the bars in groups of bars in the calibration target shall change in steps sufficient to ensure accurate measurement of the ground resolution. The length of the bars shall remain constant within each group. The contrast ratio of the black to white bars shall be consistent throughout the target and shall be at least 5 to 1 (equivalent to a modulation of 0.66).
3. Calibration targets for establishing the ground resolution of infra-red line-scanning devices shall be determined within the Open Skies Consultative Commission during the period of provisional application.
4. Calibration targets for establishing the ground resolution of sideways-looking synthetic aperture radar shall consist of arrays of trihedral corner reflectors whose configuration shall be in accordance with the methodologies determined within the Open Skies Consultative Commission during the period of provisional application.
5. Each State Party shall provide all other States Parties with a diagram of the calibration targets that it intends to use for the purpose of in-flight examination. Such diagrams shall be annotated with the overall dimensions of the calibration targets, their locations and the type of terrain on which they are deployed, as well as the information appropriate to each type of calibration target as determined within the Open Skies Consultative Commission during the period of provisional application.
1. In order to establish the ground resolution of panoramic or vertically-installed framing cameras, the line of flight of the observation aircraft shall be directly over and parallel to the calibration target. In order to establish the ground resolution of obliquely-installed framing cameras, the line of flight of the observation aircraft shall be parallel to the calibration target at a range such that the image of the calibration target appears in the foreground of the field of view of the optical camera set at its maximum angle measured from the horizontal or minimum angle measured from the vertical.
2. In order to establish the ground resolution of an infra-red line-scanning device, the line of flight of the observation aircraft shall be directly over and parallel to the calibration target at an agreed range of heights above ground level.
3. In order to establish the ground resolution of a sideways-looking synthetic aperture radar, the line of flight of the observation aircraft shall be to the side of the array of the corner reflectors.
1. Following the in-flight examination, the State Party conducting the certification and the States Parties taking part in the certification shall jointly analyse the data collected during the in-flight examination pursuant to Annex D, Section IV, paragraph 1 to the Treaty.
2. The methodology for calculating the minimum height above ground level at which each optical camera installed on the observation aircraft may be operated during an observation flight, including the value of the contrast ratio or the equivalent modulation to be used in this calculation, which shall be not less than 1.6:1 (correspondingly 0.23) and not greater than 4:1 (correspondingly 0.6), shall be determined within the Open Skies Consultative Commission during the period of provisional application and prior to 30 June 1992. The ground resolution of optical cameras shall be determined from a visual analysis of the image of the calibration target on the original film negative. The numerical value of ground resolution shall be equal to the width of the smallest bar of the calibration target that is distinguishable as a separate bar.
3. The methodology for calculating the minimum height above ground level at which each video camera installed on the observation aircraft may be operated during an observation flight shall be determined within the Open Skies Consultative Commission during the period of provisional application.
4. The methodology for calculating the minimum height above ground level at which an infra-red line-scanning device installed on the observation aircraft may be operated during an observation flight, including the value of the minimum resolvable temperature difference to be used in this calculation, shall be determined within the Open Skies Consultative Commission during the period of provisional application.
5. The methodology for calculating the ground resolution of a sideways-looking synthetic aperture radar, including the determination of the relationship between the impulse response method and the object separation method, shall be determined within the Open Skies Consultative Commission during the period of provisional application.
1. Each State Party shall designate one or more points of entry, one or more points of exit, and one or more Open Skies airfields on its territory. Points of entry and points of exit may or may not be the same as the Open Skies airfields. Unless otherwise agreed, if an Open Skies airfield is different from a point of entry, the Open Skies airfield shall be designated so that the observing Party can reach the Open Skies airfield within five hours from the point of entry either in its own observation aircraft or in transportation provided by the observed Party. The observing Party, after arriving at a point of entry or an Open Skies airfield, shall have the right to a rest period, subject to the provisions of Article VI of the Treaty.
2. Each State Party shall have the right to designate entry fixes and exit fixes. If a State Party elects to designate entry fixes and exit fixes, such fixes shall facilitate flight from the territory of the observing Party to the point of entry of the observed Party. Planned flights between entry fixes and points of entry and between points of exit and exit fixes shall be conducted in accordance with published ICAO standards and recommended practices and national regulations. In the event that portions of the flights between entry fixes and points of entry or between points of exit and exit fixes lie in international airspace, the flight through international airspace shall be conducted in accordance with published international regulations.
3. Information on points of entry and points of exit, Open Skies airfields, entry fixes and exit fixes, refuelling airfields, and calibration targets shall initially be as specified in Appendix 1 to this Annex.
4. A State Party shall have the right to introduce changes to Appendix 1 to this Annex by notifying all other States Parties of such changes, in writing, no less than 90 days before such changes become effective.
5. Each State Party shall ensure effective observation of its entire territory as follows:
(A) for its mainland territory, Open Skies airfields shall be designated in such a way that no point on its territory is farther from one or more such airfields than 35 per cent of the maximum flight distance or distances established for that State Party in accordance with Annex A to the Treaty;
(B) for portions of its territory that are separated from the mainland territory:
(1) that State Party shall apply the provisions of subparagraph (A) of this paragraph; or
(2) in the event that the portion or portions of the territory are separated from the mainland territory by more than 600 kilometres, or if agreed between that State Party and the observing Party, or if otherwise provided for in Annex A, that State Party shall provide special procedures, including the possible use of refuelling airfields; or
(3) in the event that a portion or portions of the territory are separated from the mainland territory by less than 600 kilometres, and such portion or portions of the territory are not covered by the provisions of subparagraph (A) of this paragraph, that State Party may specify a separate maximum flight distance in Annex A to cover such portion or portions of its territory.
6. Immediately upon the arrival of an observation aircraft at the point of entry, and immediately prior to the departure of an observation aircraft from the point of exit, both the observed and observing Parties shall inspect the covers for sensor apertures or other devices that inhibit the operation of sensors installed in accordance with Article IV, paragraph 4. In the event that the point of entry is different from the Open Skies airfield from which the observation flight commences, both the observed and observing Parties shall inspect the covers for sensor apertures or other devices that inhibit the operation of sensors immediately prior to departure of the observation aircraft from the point of entry en route to the Open Skies airfield from which the observation flight commences. In the event that the point of exit is different from the Open Skies airfield at which the observation flight terminates, both the observed and observing Parties shall inspect the covers for sensor apertures or other devices that inhibit the operation of sensors immediately prior to departure of the observation aircraft from such airfield en route to the point of exit.
7. A State Party shall have the right to conduct an examination and inventory of the items of equipment that the other State Party intends to use for the purpose of conducting a pre-flight inspection of sensors and, if applicable, the observation aircraft, as well as items that the flight representatives intend to bring on board the observation aircraft. This examination and inventory:
(A) shall begin no later than one hour after arrival of such items at the point of entry or the Open Skies airfield, at the choice of the State Party conducting the inventory, and shall be completed within one hour; and
(B) shall be carried out in the presence of one or more designated individuals of the other State Party.
8. If, during the examination and inventory of the items of equipment to be used in the sensor inspection and, if applicable, observation aircraft inspection, as well as the items that the flight representatives intend to bring on board the observation aircraft, the State Party conducting the examination and inventory determines that the items do not conform to the list of authorized equipment contained in Annex D, Section II, paragraph 5, or to the items described in Annex G, Section I, paragraph 4, it shall have the right to deny permission for the use of such items. Items so identified that are brought into the territory of the observed Party by the observing Party shall be, unless otherwise agreed:
(A) placed in a sealed container for safekeeping; and
(B) subsequently removed from the territory of the observed Party at the earliest opportunity, but not later than the departure of the observing Party from the territory of the observed Party.
9. In the event that the observing Party travels to the point of entry specified in the notification provided in accordance with Article VI, Section I, paragraph 5 of this Treaty, using a transport aircraft registered with the observing Party or with another State Party, the transport aircraft shall be permitted:
(A) to depart from the territory of the observed Party;
(B) in the event that the point of entry is the same as the point of exit, to remain at the point of entry until departure of the observing Party from the territory of the observed Party; or
(C) in the event that the point of entry is not the same as the point of exit, to fly to the point of exit in sufficient time for further crew rest prior to departure of all the personnel of the observing Party from the territory of the observed Party.
10. In the event that the observation aircraft is provided by the observed Party and the observing Party does not use its own transport aircraft for transporting its personnel from the point of entry to the Open Skies airfield, the observed Party shall ensure that the personnel of the observing Party are transported from the point of entry to the Open Skies airfield and from the Open Skies airfield to the point of exit.
Appendix 1 to Annex E
The sites to be used as points of entry, points of exit, Open Skies airfields, refuelling airfields, calibration targets, and, if applicable, entry fixes and exit fixes are initially as specified in Section II of this Appendix. The designation includes:
(A) Site: name of point of entry, point of exit, Open Skies airfield, entry fix, exit fix, refuelling airfield, and calibration target;
(B) Location: latitude and longitude of the respective site, to the nearest second; and
(C) Inspection: whether or not the pre-flight inspection of the aircraft or the sensors can be conducted at this site.
State Party: The Federal Republic of Germany
| Site | Location | Inspection of aircraft/ Sensors | |
| Point of entry / Exit | |||
| Köln/Bonn | N 50-52-02 | Yes | |
| (EDDK) | E 007-08-37 | ||
| Open Skies airfields | |||
| Wunstorf | N 52-27-48 | No | |
| (EDNW) | E 009-25-70 | ||
| Landsberg/Lech | N 48-04-28 | No | |
| (EDSA) | E 010-54-42 | ||
| Entry / Exit fixes | |||
| To be determined | |||
| Refuelling airfields | |||
| Calibration targets | |||
| Köln/Bonn | To be determined |
State Party: The United States of America
| Site | Location | Inspection of aircraft/ Sensors | |
| Points of entry / Exit | |||
| Washington Dulles | N 38-56-36 | Yes | |
| International, DC | W 077-27-24 | ||
| Travis AFB | N 38-15-48 | Yes | |
| California | W 121-55-48 | ||
| Open Skies airfields | |||
| Washington Dulles | N 38-56-36 | Yes | |
| International, DC | W 077-27-24 | ||
| Travis AFB | N 38-15-48 | Yes | |
| California | W 121-55-48 | ||
| Elmendorf AFB | N 61-15-12 | Yes | |
| Alaska | W 149-47-30 | ||
| Lincoln Municipal | N 40-51-00 | No | |
| Nebraska | W 096-45-30 | ||
| Entry /Exit fixes | |||
| To be determined | |||
| Refuelling airfields | |||
| Honolulu International | N 21-19-06 | ||
| Hawaii | W 157-55-24 | ||
| Malmstrom AFB | N 47-30-18 | ||
| Montana | W 111-11-00 | ||
| Phoenix-Sky Harbor | N 33-26-12 | ||
| International Arizona | W 112-00-24 | ||
| General Mitchell | N 42-56-48 | ||
| International Wisconsin | W 087-53-36 | ||
| McGhee Tyson | N 35-48-48 | ||
| Tennessee | W 083-59-36 | ||
| Calibration targets | |||
| Washington Dulles | To be determined | ||
| Travis AFB | To be determined | ||
| Elmendorf AFB | To be determined |
State Party: Republic of Belarus and the Russian Federation group of States Parties
| Site | Location | Inspection of aircraft/ Sensors | |
| Points of entry / Exit | |||
| Kubinka | N 55-36-30 | Yes | |
| E 036-39-10 | |||
| Ulan-Ude | N 51-48-00 | Yes | |
| E 107-27-00 | |||
| Open Skies airfields | |||
| Kubinka | N 55-36-30 | Yes | |
| E 036-39-10 | |||
| Ulan-Ude | N 51-48-00 | Yes | |
| E 107-27-00 | |||
| Magadan | N 59-54-06 | No | |
| E 150-03-01 | |||
| Vorkuta | N 67-29-00 | No | |
| E 063-59-00 | |||
| Entry / Exit fixes | |||
| To be determined | |||
| Refuelling airfields | |||
| Calibration targets |
State Party: Benelux
| Site | Location | Inspection of aircraft/ Sensors | |
| Point of entry / Exit | |||
| Zaventem/ | N 50-54-01 | Yes | |
| Melsbroek | W 004-59-09 | ||
| Open Skies airfield | |||
| Zaventem/ | N 50-54-01 | Yes | |
| Melsbroek | W 004-59-09 | ||
| Entry / Exit fixes | |||
| To be determined | |||
| Refuelling airfields | |||
| Calibration targets | |||
| Volkel | N 54-39-03 | ||
| W 005-42-02 |
State Party: Republic of Bulgaria
| Site | Location | Inspection of aircraft/ Sensors | |
| Point of entry / Exit | |||
| Sofia | N 42-41-07 | Yes | |
| E 023-24-05 | |||
| Open Skies airfields | |||
| Sofia | N 42-41-07 | Yes | |
| E 023-24-05 | |||
| Burgas | N 42-34-00 | No | |
| E 027-30-00 | |||
| Entry / exit fixes | |||
| To be determined | |||
| Refuelling airfields | |||
| Sofia | N 42-41-07 | ||
| E 023-24-05 | |||
| Burgas | N 42-34-00 | ||
| E 027-30-00 | |||
| Calibration targets |
State Party: Canada
| Site | Location | Inspection of aircraft/ Sensors | |
| Point of entry / Exit | |||
| Ottawa | N 45-19-21 | Yes | |
| (CYOW) | W 075-40-10 | ||
| Open Skies airfields | |||
| Ottawa | N 45-19-21 | Yes | |
| W 075-40-10 | |||
| Iqaluit | N 63-45-22 | No | |
| W 068-33-25 | |||
| Yellowknife | N 62-27-45 | No | |
| W 114-26-20 | |||
| Entry / Exit fixes | |||
| To be determined | |||
| Refuelling airfields | |||
| Edmonton | N 53-18-35 | ||
| W 113-34-43 | |||
| Halifax | N 44-52-51 | ||
| W 063-30-33 | |||
| Winnipeg | N 49-54-39 | ||
| W 097-14-35 | |||
| Churchill | N 58-44-13 | ||
| W 094-03-26 | |||
| Calibration targets | |||
| Ottawa area | To be determined |
State Party: The Kingdom of Denmark
| Site | Location | Inspection of aircraft/ Sensors | |
| Points of entry / Exit | |||
| Copenhagen | N 55-37-07 | No | |
| International | E 012-39-26 | ||
| Airport | |||
| (EKCH) | |||
| Military | N 55-46-09 | Yes | |
| Airfield | E 012-19-34 | ||
| Vaerloese (EKVL) | |||
| Open Skies airfield | |||
| Military | N 55-46-09 | Yes | |
| Airfield | E 012-19-34 | ||
| Vaerloese | |||
| Entry / Exit fixes | |||
| To be determined | |||
| Refuelling airfields | |||
| Vagar | N 62-03-51 | ||
| Airport | W 007-16-26 | ||
| (EKVG) | |||
| Soendre | N 67-01-05 | ||
| Stroemfjord | W 050-41-39 | ||
| International Airport (BGSF) | |||
| Calibration targets | |||
| Military | N 55-46-09 | ||
| Airfield | E 012-19-34 | ||
| Vaerloese |
State Party: The Kingdom of Spain
| Site | Location | Inspection of aircraft/ Sensors | |
| Point of entry / Exit | |||
| Getafe | N 40-17-43 | Yes | |
| W 003-43-21 | |||
| Point of entry /Exit for Canary Islands | |||
| Gando | N 27-55-49 | Yes | |
| W 015-23-05 | |||
| Open Skies airfields | |||
| Getafe | N 40-17-43 | Yes | |
| W 003-43-21 | |||
| Valencia | N 39-29-26 | No | |
| W 000-28-50 | |||
| Valladolid | N 41-42-26 | No | |
| W 004-51-02 | |||
| Moron | N 37-10-34 | No | |
| W 005-36-53 | |||
| Entry / Exit fixes | |||
| To be determined | |||
| Refuelling airfields | |||
| Nil | |||
| Calibration targets |
State Party: The French Republic
| Site | Location | Inspection of aircraft/ Sensors | |
| Point of entry / Exit | |||
| Orleans-Bricy | N 47-59-12 | Yes | |
| E 001-45-43 | |||
| Open Skies airfields | |||
| Orleans-Bricy | N 47-59-12 | Yes | |
| E 001-45-43 | |||
| Toulouse-Blagnac | N 43-37-26 | No | |
| E 001-22-53 | |||
| Nice-Cőte d’Azur | N 43-39-47 | No | |
| E 007-12-09 | |||
| Entry /Exit fixes | |||
| To be determined | |||
| Refuelling airfields | |||
| Nil | |||
| Calibration targets |
State Party: The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| Site | Location | Inspection of aircraft/ Sensors | |
| Points of entry / Exit | |||
| Brize Norton | N 51-44-97 | Yes | |
| W 001-34-93 | |||
| Heathrow | N 51-28-72 | No | |
| W 000-27-47 | |||
| Note: Heathrow is for arrival of personnel on scheduled passenger services only. Not for observation or transport aircraft. | |||
| Open Skies airfields | |||
| Brize Norton | N 51-44-97 | Yes | |
| W 001-34-93 | |||
| Scampton | N 53-18-45 | Yes | |
| W 000-32-95 | |||
| Leuchars | N 55-22-38 | Yes | |
| W 000-52-03 | |||
| Entry / Exit fixes | |||
| To be determined by FAA | |||
| Refuelling airfields | |||
| Nil | |||
| Calibration targets | |||
| Boscombe Down | N 51-09-10 | ||
| W 001-44-76 | |||
State Party: The Hellenic Republic
| Site | Location | Inspection of aircraft/ Sensors | |
| Point of entry / Exit | |||
| Thessaloniki | N 40-27-22 | Yes | |
| International | E 022-59-21 | ||
| Open Skies airfields | |||
| Thessaloniki | N 40-27-22 | Yes | |
| International | E 022-59-21 | ||
| Elefsis | N 38-04-00 | Yes | |
| E 023-33-38 | |||
| Entry / Exit fix | |||
| Chouchouligovo | N 41-24-40 | ||
| E 023-22-02 | |||
| Refuelling airfields | |||
| Calibration targets |
State Party: The Republic of Hungary
| Site | Location | Inspection of aircraft/ Sensors | |
| Points of entry / Exit | |||
| Budapest/Ferihegy | N 47-26-18 | Yes | |
| (LHBP) | E 019-15-48 | ||
| Tokol | N 47-21-14 | Yes | |
| (LHTL) | E 018-58-08 | ||
| Open Skies airfields | |||
| Budapest/Ferihegy | N 47-26-18 | Yes | |
| (LHBP) | E 019-15-48 | ||
| Tokol | N 47-21-14 | Yes | |
| (LHTL) | E 018-58-08 | ||
| Entry / Exit fixes | |||
| To be determined | |||
| Refuelling airfields | |||
| None | |||
| Calibration targets | |||
| To be determined |
State Party: The Republic of Iceland
| Site | Location | Inspection of aircraft/ Sensors | |
| Point of entry / Exit | |||
| Keflavik | N 63-59-48 | Yes | |
| W 022-36-30 | |||
| Open Skies airfields |
