5. táblázat PAH kibocsátáscsökkentés az anódgyártásban
| Kezelési opciók | Kibocsátási szint (%) * | Becsült költség | Kezelési kockázatok | |
| Régi berendezések korszerűsítése a diffúz kibocsátások csökkentésére a következő intézkedésekkel: – szivárgások csökkentése; – rugalmas tömítőanyagok beszerelése a kemenceajtóknál; – töltési gázok evakuálása és ezt követő kezelése, a gázok szomszédos kemencébe átvezetésével, vagy a gázok átve- zetése egy gyűjtő fővezeték útján egy égetőbe és utána egy portalanító készülékbe a talajon; – üzemeltető és koszoló kemence hűtő rendszerek; és – részecskekibocsátások evakuálása és tisztítása a kokszból. Bevált technológiák az anódgyártáshoz Hollandiában: – Új kemence száraz mosóval (mészkővel/petrolkoksszal vagy alumíniummal); – szennyvíz visszaforgatása pép- egységben. BAT – elektrosztatikus porkicsapatás; és – termális utóégetés. | 3–10 45–50 2–5 15 | Nagy Csekély üzemeltetési költségek autotermális üzemmódban. | Bevezetve Hollandiában 1990-ben. A mosás mészkővel vagy petrolkoksszal hatékony a PAH csökkentéshez; alumíniummal nem ismert. A kátrány rendszeres tisztítása szükséges. Üzemeltetés autotermális üzemmódban csak akkor, ha magas a PAH koncentráció a hulladékgázban. |
C. Alumíniumipar
63. Az alumíniumot alumínium-oxidból (Al2O3) elektrolízissel állítják elő elektromosan sorba kapcsolt tégelyekben (cellákban). A tégelyeket az anód típusa szerint elősütő vagy Soederberg-tégelyeknek osztályozzák.
64. Az elősütő tégelyeknek pörkölt (sütött) karbon tömbökből álló anódjai vannak, melyeket részleges elfogyás után cserélnek. A Soederberg-anódokat a tégelyben sütik, petrolkoksz és kőszénkátrány szurok keverékével mint kötőanyaggal.
65. A Soederberg-eljárásból nagyon magas PAH-kibocsátások szabadulnak ki. Az elsődleges mérséklő intézkedések közé tartozik a meglévő üzemek korszerűsítése és az eljárások javítása, amely 70–90%-kal csökkentheti a PAH-kibocsátásokat. Egy 0,015 kg B (a) P/tonna Al kibocsátási szint érhető el. A meglévő Soederberg-tégelyek kiváltása elősütöttekkel a meglévő eljárások nagyobb rekonstrukcióját tenné szükségessé, de szinte teljesen kiküszöbölné a PAH-kibocsátásokat. Az ilyen cserék beruházási költsége nagyon nagy.
66. A 6. táblázat a PAH-kibocsátásokat csökkentő intézkedéseket foglalja össze az alumíniumiparban.
6. táblázat PAH kibocsátáscsökkentő intézkedések a Soederberg-eljárást alkalmazó alumíniumgyártásban
| Kezelési opciók | Kibocsátási szint (%) * | Becsült költség | Kezelési kockázatok | |
| Soederberg-elektródák felváltása: – elősütött (szurok kötőanyagok elkerülése); – közömbös anódok. Zárt elősütő rendszerek timföld pont- szerű betáplálásával és hatékony folyamatvezérléssel, a teljes tégelyt lefedő tetők, a légszennyező anyagok hatékony összegyűjtését teszik lehetővé. Soederberg-tégely vertikális érintkező csapszegekkel és hulladékgáz gyűjtő rendszerekkel. Sumitomo technológia (anód brikettek VSS eljárásokhoz). Gáztisztítás: – elektrosztatikus kátrányszűrők; hagyományos elektrosztatikus kátrány- szűrők kombinálása elektrosztatikus nedves gáztisztítással; – termális utóégetés. Magasabb olvadáspontú szurok haszná- lata (HSS+VSS) Száraz mosás használata meglévő HSS+VSS üzemekben. | 3–30 1–5 > 10 2–5 > 1 Nagy | Nagyobb költségek az elektródáknál, kb. 800 millió USD. Soederberg-technológia rekonstrukciója tokozással és módosított betáplálási ponttal: 50 000–100 000 USD per kemence. Kis–közepes Csekély Közepes Közepes Kis–közepes Közepes–nagy | A Soederberg-elektródák olcsóbbak az elősütötteknél, mivel nincs szükség anódsütő berendezésre. A kutatás folyamatban van, de csekélyek az elvárások. A hatékony üzemeltetés és a kibocsátás figyelése elengedhetetlen része a kibocsátás csökkentésének. A rossz teljesítmény jelentős diffúz kibocsátásokat okozhat. A diffúzkibocsátások a beadagolás, a kéreg feltörése és az érintkező vas csapszegek magasabb pozícióba helyezése során fordulnak elő. Erős szikrázás és elektromos ívképződés; a nedves gáztisztítás hulladékvizet termel. |
D. Lakossági tüzelés
67. A lakossági tüzelésből eredő PAH-kibocsátásokat kályhákból vagy nyitott tűzhelyekből lehet észlelni, főleg ha fát vagy szenet használnak. A háztartások jelentős PAH-kibocsátás források lehetnek. Ez a háztartásokban szilárd tüzelőanyagokat égető tűzhelyek és kis tüzelőberendezések használatának eredménye lehet. Egyes országokban a tűzhelyek szokásos tüzelőanyaga a szén. A széntüzelésű kályhák kevesebb PAH-ot emittálnak, mint a fatüzelésűek, mivel magasabbak az égési hőmérsékletek és egyenletesebb a tüzelőanyag minősége.
68. Továbbá, az optimált üzemeltetési jellemzőjű égési rendszerek (pl. égési ráta) hatékonyan csökkentik a PAH-kibocsátásokat a lakossági tüzelésből. Az optimált égésviszonyok közé tartozik az optimált égéstér koncentráció és optimált levegőtáp. Több technika is van, amely optimálja az égésviszonyokat és csökkenti a kibocsátásokat. Jelentős eltérések vannak a különböző technikák kibocsátásai között. Egy modern fatüzelésű kazán egy vízgyűjtő (akkumulátor) tartállyal, amely a BAT-ot képviseli, több, mint 90%-kal csökkenti a kibocsátást egy vízgyűjtő tartály nélküli elavult kazánhoz képest. Egy korszerű kazánnak három zónája van: egy tűzhely a fa elgázosításához, egy gázégető zóna keramikus vagy más anyaggal, amely mintegy 1000 °C körüli hőmérsékleteket tesz lehetővé, és egy konvekciós zóna. A konvekciós rész, ahol a víz elnyeli a hőt, legyen elég hosszú és hatékony, hogy a gáz hőmérséklete 1000 °C-ról 250 °C-ra vagy kevesebbre csökkenhessen. Ugyancsak több technika van a régi és elavult kazánok kiegészítésére, például vízgyűjtő tartályokkal, keramikus betétekkel és pellet-égetőkkel.
69. Az optimált égetési rátákat alacsony szén-monoxid (CO), összes szénhidrogén (TCH) és PAH-kibocsátások kísérik. A határértékek (típus-jóváhagyási szabályozások) előírása a CO és TCH-kibocsátásokra alacsony PAH-kibocsátásokat eredményez. Mivel a PAH mérése sokkal drágább, mint a CO mérése, költséghatékonyabb egy határértéket megszabni a CO-ra és TCH-ra. Folytatódik a munka egy CEN szabvány javaslaton a szén- és fatüzelésű kazánokra 300 kW-ig (lásd 7. táblázatot).
7. táblázat CEN-szabvány tervezetek 1997-ben
| Osztály | Hatály (kW) | 3 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 1 | |
| CO | TCH | Részecskék | |||||||||
| Kézi | < 50 | 5 000 | 8 000 | 25 000 | 150 | 300 | 2 000 | 150/125 | 180/150 | 200/180 | |
| 50–150 | 2 500 | 5 000 | 12 500 | 100 | 200 | 1 500 | 150/125 | 180/150 | 200/180 | ||
| > 150–300 | 1 200 | 2 000 | 12 500 | 100 | 200 | 1 500 | 150/125 | 180/150 | 200/180 | ||
| Automatikus | < 50 | 3 000 | 5 000 | 15 000 | 100 | 200 | 1 750 | 150/125 | 180/150 | 200/180 | |
| 50–150 | 2 500 | 4 500 | 12 500 | 80 | 150 | 1 250 | 150/125 | 180/150 | 200/180 | ||
| < 150–300 | 1 200 | 2 000 | 12 500 | 80 | 150 | 1 250 | 150/125 | 180/150 | 200/180 | ||
Megjegyzés: kibocsátási szintek mg/m3-ben 10% O2-nél.
70. A lakossági fatüzelésű kályhákból eredő kibocsátások csökkenthetők:
(a) meglévő kályháknál lakossági tájékoztató és tudatosság fejlesztő programokkal a megfelelő kályha üzemeltetésére, csak kezeletlen fa használatára, tüzelőanyag előkészítési eljárásokra és a fa nedvességtartalmának helyes kiszárítására vonatkozóan; és
(b) új kályháknál, a CEN szabvány tervezetben leírt termékszabványok alkalmazásával (és egyenértékű termékszabványokkal az Egyesült Államokban és Kanadában).
71. A PAH-kibocsátáscsökkentés általánosabb intézkedései a háztartások számára központosított rendszerek kifejlesztéséhez és energiatakarékossághoz kapcsolódnak, mint jobb hőszigetelés az energiafogyasztás csökkentésére.
72. Az információ a 8. táblázatban van összefoglalva.
8. táblázat PAH kibocsátáscsökkentés a lakossági tüzelésnél
| Kezelési opciók | Kibocsátási szint (%) * | Becsült költség | Kezelési kockázatok | |
| Szárított szén és fa használata (a szárított fát legalább 18–24 hónapig kell tárolni). Szárított szén használata. Fűtőrendszerek tervezése szilárd tüzelőanyagokra, hogy optimált teljes elégési viszonyokat adjanak: – elgázosítási zóna; – égés keramikus anyagokkal; – hatásos konvekciós zóna. Vízgyűjtő tartály. Műszaki utasítások a hatékony üzemeltetéshez. Lakossági tájékoztató program a fatüzelésű kályhák használatáról. | Nagy hatékonyság Nagy hatékonyság 55 30–40 | Közepes Csekély | Tárgyalásokat kell folytatni a kályha gyártókkal egy jóváhagyási rendszer bevezetéséről a kályhákra. Ugyancsak elérhető erőteljes lakossági neveléssel, gyakorlati oktatással és kályhatípus szabályozással kombinálva. |
E. Fakonzerváló létesítmények
73. A fakonzerválás PAH-tartalmú kőszénkátrány termékekkel a levegőbe jutó kibocsátások egyik fő forrása lehet. Kibocsátások fordulhatnak elő maga az impregnálási eljárás alatt, valamint tárolás és mozgatás közben, valamint azon idő alatt, amíg az impregnált fa érintkezésben van a szabad levegővel, amikor az előirányzott célra felhasználják.
74. A legszélesebb körben használt PAH-tartalmú kőszénkátrány termékek a karbol és a kreozot. Mindkettő PAH-okat tartalmazó kőszénkátrány párlat a faanyag biológiai támadások elleni védelmére.
75. A fakonzerválásból, berendezésekből és tároló létesítményekből eredő PAH-kibocsátásokat több módon lehet csökkenteni, melyeket külön-külön vagy kombinálva lehet alkalmazni, mint:
(a) tárolási viszonyokra vonatkozó követelmények a talaj és felszíni víz PAH kilúgozással és szennyezett csapadékvízzel történő szennyezésének megelőzésére (pl. csapadékvíz behatolása ellen védett tároló helyek, minőségi igények az előállított anyagra);
(b) intézkedések a légköri kibocsátások csökkentésére az impregnáló üzemeknél (pl. a meleg fát 90 °C-ról 30 °C-ra kell lehűteni legalább a tároló helyekre történő elszállítás előtt. Azonban rá kell mutatni egy alternatív módszerre, mint BAT-ra, amely vákuum-nyomású gőzt használt a kreozottal frissen impregnált fa kezeléséhez);
(c) a fakonzerváló anyag optimális terhelése, amely megfelelő védelmet nyújt a kezelendő faterméknek in situ, BAT-nak tekinthető, mivel ez csökkenti a pótlások iránti igényt, ezáltal csökkentve a kibocsátásokat a fakonzerváló létesítményekből;
(d) fakonzerváló termékek használata, amelyeknek alacsonyabb a PAH-tartalma, amelyek POP-k:
– módosított kreozot használatának lehetősége, amelyet 270 °C és 355 °C közötti forráspontú lepárlási terméknek kell tekinteni, amely az illékonyabb PAH-ok és nehezebb, mérgező PAH-ok kibocsátásait egyaránt csökkenti,
– a karbol használatának visszaszorítása ugyancsak csökkentené a PAH-kibocsátásokat;
(e) megfelelő alternatívák kiértékelése majd használata, mint a 9. táblázatban felsoroltak, amelyek minimumra csökkentik a PAH-alapú termékekre támaszkodást.
76. Az impregnált fa égetése növeli a PAH és egyéb káros anyagok kibocsátásait. Ha égetésre kerül sor, azt megfelelő mérséklési technikákkal ellátott berendezésekben kell végezni.
9. táblázat Lehetséges alternatívák PAH-alapú termékekkel történő fakonzerváláshoz
| Kezelési opciók | Kezelési kockázatok | |
| Alternatív anyagok használata építési alkalmazásokhoz: – tartós használatra előállított keményfa (folyópartok, kerítések, kapuk); – műanyagok (kertészeti karók); – beton (vasúti talpfák); – mesterséges építmények kiváltása természetesekkel (mint folyópartok, kerítések, stb.); – kezeletlen fa használata Több alternatív fakezelési technika van fejlesztés alatt, amelyek nem foglalnak magukban impregnálást PAH-alapú termékekkel. | Egyéb környezeti problémákat kell értékelni, mint: – megfelelően előállított faanyag hozzáférhetősége; – kibocsátásokat okozhat a műanyagok, főleg a PVC termelése és ártalmatlanítása, |
A menetrendek a határértékek és elérhető legjobb technikák alkalmazására a következők:
(a) új, helyhez kötött forrásokra: két év e jegyzőkönyv hatálybalépésének napja után;
(b) meglévő, helyhez kötött forrásokra: nyolc év e jegyzőkönyv hatálybalépésének napja után. Amennyiben szükséges, ez az időtartam meghosszabbítható egyes meglévő, helyhez kötött forrásokra a nemzeti jogszabályok által előírt amortizációs időszaknak megfelelően.
1. A fontos fogalmak meghatározásait e jegyzőkönyv III. melléklete adja meg.
A. Elérhető kibocsátási szintek új járművekre
2. Dízelüzemű személygépkocsik
| Határértékek | ||||
| Év | Referenciatömeg | Szénhidrogének és NOX tömege | Részecskék tömege | |
| 2000. 1. 1. | Minden | 0,56 g/km | 0,05 g/km | |
| 2005. 1. 1. (indikatív) | Minden | 0,3 g/km | 0,025 g/km | |
3. Nehéz gépjárművek.
| Év / vizsgálati ciklus | Határértékek | ||
| Szénhidrogének tömege | Részecskék tömege | ||
| 01. 1. 2000 / ESC ciklus 01. 1. 2000 / ETC ciklus | 0,66 g/kWh 0,85 g/kWh | 0,1 g/kWh 0,16 g/kWh | |
4. Nem közúton közlekedő gépek
1. lépés (hivatkozás: 96. számú EGB-előírás) *
| Nettó teljesítmény (P) (kW) | Szénhidrogének tömege | Részecskék tömege | |
| P 130 | 1,3 g/kWh | 0,54 g/kWh | |
| 75 P < 130 | 1,3 g/kWh | 0,70 g/kWh | |
| 37 P < 75 | 1,3 g/kWh | 0,85 g/kWh |
2. lépés
| Nettó teljesítmény (P) (kW) | Szénhidrogének tömege | Részecskék tömege | |
| 0 P < 18 | |||
| 18 P < 37 | 1,5 g/kWh | 0,8 g/kWh | |
| 37 P < 75 | 0,3 g/kWh | 0,4 g/kWh | |
| 75 P < 130 | 1,0 g/kWh | 0,3 g/kWh | |
| 130 P < 560 | 1,0 g/kWh | 0,2 g/kWh |
B. Tüzelőanyag paraméterek
5. Dízel tüzelőanyag
| Határértékek | |||||
| Paraméter | Egység | Minimális érték (2000/2005) * | Maximális érték (2000/2005) * | Vizsgálati módszer | |
| Cetánszám | – | 51/N.S. | – | ISO 5165 | |
| Sűrűség 15 °C-on | kg/m3 | – | 854/N.S. | ISO 3675 | |
| 95%-os elpárolgás | °C | – | 360/N.S. | ISO 3405 | |
| PAH | tömeg% | – | 11/N.S. | prIP 391 | |
| Kén | ppm | – | 350/50 * | ISO 14956 | |
| N.S.: Nincs előírva | |||||
6. Egyes országokban 1,2-dibróm-metán 1,2-diklór-metánnal kombinációban használatos öblítőként az ólmozott benzinben. Ezen kívül az égési folyamat során PCDD/F képződik a motorban. A háromutas katalizátorok alkalmazása a gépkocsikban szükségessé fogja tenni az ólmozatlan tüzelőanyag használatát. Az öblítők és egyéb halogénezett vegyületek adalékolását a benzinhez és egyéb tüzelőanyagokhoz és kenőanyagokhoz a lehetséges mértékig kerülni kell.
7. Az 1. táblázat a PCDD/F-kibocsátáscsökkentő intézkedéseket foglalja össze.
1. táblázat Közúti szállító gépjárművek kipufogó gázaiból származó PCDD/F-kibocsátáscsökkentés
| Kezelési opciók | Kezelési kockázatok | |
| Halogénezett vegyületek tüzelőanyagokhoz adalékolásának elkerülése: – 1,2-diklór-metán, – 1,2-diklór-metán és megfelelő brómvegyületek, mint öblítők ólmozott benzinekben szikragyújtású motorokban (a brómvegyületek brómozott dioxinok vagy furánok képződéséhez vezethetnek.) – Halogénezett adalékok elkerülése tüzelőanyagokban és kenőanyagokban. | A halogénezett öblítők fokozatosan ki lesznek vonva, ahogy az ólmozott benzin piaca szűkül a zártláncú háromutas katalizátorok fokozódó használata miatt a szikragyújtású motorokban. |
A. POP-kibocsátás gépjárművekből
8. A gépjárművekből a POP-kibocsátások úgy fordulnak elő, mint a dízelüzemű járművekből kibocsátott részecskékhez kötött PAH-ok. Kisebb mértékig a benzinüzemű járművek is kibocsáthatnak PAH-okat.
9. A kenőolajok és tüzelőanyagok is tartalmazhatnak halogénezett vegyületeket az adalékanyagok vagy gyártási eljárások eredményeként. Ezek a vegyületek az égés során átalakulhatnak PCDD/F-fé és ezt követően emittálódnak a kipufogó gázokkal.
B. Ellenőrzés és karbantartás
10. A dízelüzemű mozgó forrásoknak a PAH-kibocsátások ellenőrzésének hatékonysága biztosítható programokkal a mozgó források időszakos felülvizsgálata útján részecskekibocsátásokra, homályosságra szabad gyorsítás közben irányuló, vagy ezekkel egyenértékű módszerekkel.
11. A dízelüzemű mozgó forrásoknak a PAH-kibocsátások (az egyéb kipufogógáz-komponensek mellett) ellenőrzésének hatékonysága biztosítható programokkal a tüzelőanyag adagolás és a katalizátor hatásfokának időszakos vizsgálatával.
C. Technikák a dízel- és benzinüzemű gépjárművekből származó PAH-kibocsátások szabályozására
1. Szabályozási technikák általános szempontjai
12. Fontos biztosítani, hogy a járművek a kibocsátásszabványok üzem közbeni teljesítésére legyenek szerkesztve.
Ez történhet a gyártás, élettartam tartósság, kibocsátást szabályzó komponensek szavatolása és a hibás járművek visszahívása útján. Használatban lévő járműveknél a folytatólagos kibocsátást szabályozó teljesítmény biztosítható egy hatékony ellenőrző és karbantartó programmal.
2. Műszaki intézkedések a kibocsátás szabályozáshoz
13. A PAH-kibocsátások csökkentéséhez a következő intézkedések fontosak:
(a) tüzelőanyag-minőségi előírások és motor módosítások a kibocsátás csökkentésére, mielőtt azok létrejönnek (elsődleges intézkedés); és
(b) kipufogógáz-kezelő rendszerek hozzáadása, pl. oxidáló katalizátorok vagy részecske csapdák (másodlagos intézkedés).
(a) Dízelmotorok
14. A dízelmotor módosítások két előnyt nyújthatnak: az alacsony kéntartalom csökkenti a részecskekibocsátásokat és növeli az oxidáló katalizátorok átalakítási hatásfokát, és a di- és tri-aromás vegyületek csökkentése csökkenti a PAH-k képződését és kibocsátását.
15. Egy elsődleges intézkedés a kibocsátások csökkentésére a motor módosítása, hogy teljesebb égést lehessen elérni. Sok különböző módosítás van használatban. Általában, a jármű kipufogógáz összetételét befolyásolják a változások az égéstér konstrukciójában és a nagyobb befecskendezési nyomások. Jelenleg a legtöbb dízelmotor mechanikus motor vezérlő rendszerekkel működik. Az újabb motorok fokozódó mértékben használnak számítógépes vezérlő rendszereket nagyobb potenciál rugalmassággal a kibocsátások csökkentésénél. Egy további technológia a kibocsátások csökkentésére a turbó-feltöltés és közbenső hűtés kombinált alkalmazása. Ez a rendszer sikeres a NOX csökkentésében és a tüzelőanyag gazdaságosság és teljesítmény növelésében. A nehéz- és könnyű motoroknál szívó csővezeték tuning alkalmazása szintén egy lehetőség.
16. A kenőolaj ellenőrzése fontos a szilárd anyagok (PM) csökkentéséhez, mivel a szemcsés anyagok 10–50%-a a motorolajból képződik. Az olajfogyasztás csökkenthető a tökéletesített motorgyártási előírásokkal és továbbfejlesztett motor tömítőanyagokkal.
17. A kibocsátások csökkentésére másodlagos intézkedések a kipufogógáz kezelő rendszerek. Általában, a dízelmotoroknál egy oxidáló katalizátor használat egy részecske-szűrővel kombinálva, hatékonynak mutatkozott a PAH-kibocsátások csökkentésénél. Egy részecske csapda oxidálószer értékelése folyamatban van. Ez a kipufogó rendszerben van elhelyezve, hogy befogja szemcsés anyagokat és a szűrő bizonyos fokú regenerálását adja az összegyűlt PM elégetésével, a rendszer elektromos fűtése útján vagy valamilyen más regenerálási módszerrel. A passzív rendszer csapdák megfelelő regeneráláshoz rendes üzem közben egy égővel támogatott regeneráló rendszer vagy adalékanyagok használata szükséges.
(b) Benzinmotorok
18. A benzinüzemű motoroknál a PAH-csökkentő intézkedések elsődlegesen egy zártláncú háromutas katalizátor használatára alapulnak, amely a HC-kibocsátások csökkentésének részeként csökkenti a PAH-okat.
19. A jobb hidegindítási magatartás általában csökkenti a szerves kibocsátásokat és főleg a PAH-okat (például hidegindító katalizátorok, tökéletesített tüzelőanyag elpárologtatás/porlasztás, fűtött katalizátorok).
20. A 2. táblázat a közúti szállító járművekből származó a PAH-kibocsátások csökkentő intézkedéseket foglalja össze.
2. táblázat Közúti szállító járművekből származó PAH-kibocsátás-csökkentés
| Kezelési opciók | Kibocsátási szint (%) | Kezelési kockázatok | |
| Szikragyújtású motorok: – Zártláncú háromutas katalizátor – katalizátorok hidegindítási kibocsátások csökkentéséhez. Tüzelőanyag szikragyújtású motorokhoz: – aromás vegyületek csökkentése, – kén csökkentése. dízelmotorok: – oxidáló katalizátor, | 10–20 5–10 20–70 | Ólmozatlan benzin hozzáférhetősége. Egyes országokban kereskedelmileg hozzáférhető. Finomító kapacitás rendel- kezésre állása. Finomító kapacitás rendel- kezésre állása. | |
| – csapda oxidáló/részecskeszűrő. dízel tüzelőanyag módosítás: – kén csökkentése a részecskekibocsátás csökkentéséhez. dízelmotor előírások tökéletesítése: – elektronikus vezérlő rendszer, – befecskendezésiráta-szabályozás és nagynyomású tüzelőanyag-befecskendezés, – turbó-feltöltés és közbenső hűtés, – kipufogógáz-visszakeringetés. | Meglévő technológiák. |
Ez a jegyzék nem terjed ki a kutatás, fejlesztés és új termékek vizsgálatára szolgáló berendezésekre vagy berendezés részekre. A kategóriák teljesebb leírása az V. mellékletben található.
| Kategória | Kategória leírása | |
| 1 | Kommunális, veszélyes vagy kórházi hulladék, vagy szennyvíz iszap égetése, beleértve az együttégetést is. | |
| 2 | Szinter üzemek. | |
| 3 | Elsődleges és másodlagos rézgyártás. | |
| 4 | Acélgyártás. | |
| 5 | Olvasztó üzemek a másodlagos alumíniumiparban. | |
| 6 | Fosszilis tüzelőanyagok égetése közmű- és ipari kazánokban 50 MWth hőkapacitás fölött. | |
| 7 | Lakossági tüzelés. | |
| 8 | Tüzelőberendezések fához, 50 MWth alatti hőkapacitással. | |
| 9 | Kokszgyártás. | |
| 10 | Anódgyártás. | |
| 11 | Alumíniumgyártás Soederberg-eljárással. | |
| 12 | Fakonzerváló létesítmények, kivéve az olyan Félnél, akinél ez a kategória nem ad jelentős hozzájárulást az összes PAH-kibocsátásához (a III. melléklet meghatározása szerint). |
The Parties,
Determined to implement the Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution,
Recognizing that emissions of many persistent organic pollutants are transported across international boundaries and are deposited in Europe, North America and the Arctic, far from their site of origin, and that the atmosphere is the dominant medium of transport,
Aware that persistent organic pollutants resist degradation under natural conditions and have been associated with adverse effects on human health and the environment,
Concerned that persistent organic pollutants can biomagnify in upper trophic levels to concentrations which might affect the health of exposed wildlife and humans,
Acknowledging that the Arctic ecosystems and especially its indigenous people, who subsist on Arctic fish and mammals, are particularly at risk because of the biomagnification of persistent organic pollutants,
Mindful that measures to control emissions of persistent organic pollutants would also contribute to the protection of the environment and human health in areas outside the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe’s region, including the Arctic and international waters,
Resolved to take measures to anticipate, prevent or minimize emissions of persistent organic pollutants, taking into account the application of the precautionary approach, as set forth in principle 15 of the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development,
Reaffirming that States have, in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations and the principles of international law, the sovereign right to exploit their own resources pursuant to their own environmental and development policies, and the responsibility to ensure that activities within their jurisdiction or control do not cause damage to the environment of other States or of areas beyond the limits of national jurisdiction,
Noting the need for global action on persistent organic pollutants and recalling the role envisaged in chapter 9 of Agenda 21 for regional agreements to reduce global transboundary air pollution and, in particular, for the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe to share its regional experience with other regions of the world,
Recognizing that there are subregional, regional and global regimes in place, including international instruments governing the management of hazardous wastes, their transboundary movement and disposal, in particular the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal,
Considering that the predominant sources of air pollution contributing to the accumulation of persistent organic pollutants are the use of certain pesticides, the manufacture and use of certain chemicals, and the unintentional formation of certain substances in waste incineration, combustion, metal production and mobile sources,
Aware that techniques and management practices are available to reduce emissions of persistent organic pollutants into the air,
Conscious of the need for a cost-effective regional approach to combating air pollution,
Noting the important contribution of the private and non-governmental sectors to knowledge of the effects associated with persistent organic pollutants, available alternatives and abatement techniques, and their role in assisting in the reduction of emissions of persistent organic pollutants,
Bearing in mind that measures taken to reduce persistent organic pollutant emissions should not constitute a means of arbitrary or unjustifiable discrimination or a disguised restriction on international competition and trade,
Taking into consideration existing scientific and technical data on emissions, atmospheric processes and effects on human health and the environment of persistent organic pollutants, as well as on abatement costs, and acknowledging the need to continue scientific and technical cooperation to further the understanding of these issues,
Recognizing the measures on persistent organic pollutants already taken by some of the Parties on a national level and/or under other international conventions,
Have agreed as follows:
For the purposes of the present Protocol,
1. „Convention” means the Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution, adopted in Geneva on 13 November 1979;
2. „EMEP” means the Cooperative Programme for Monitoring and Evaluation of the Long-range Transmission of Air Pollutants in Europe;
3. „Executive Body” means the Executive Body for the Convention constituted under article 10, paragraph 1, of the Convention;
4. „Commission” means the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe;
5. „Parties” means, unless the context otherwise requires, the Parties to the present Protocol;
6. „Geographical scope of EMEP” means the area defined in article 1, paragraph 4, of the Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution on Long-term Financing of the Cooperative Programme for Monitoring and Evaluation of the Long-range Transmission of Air Pollutants in Europe (EMEP), adopted in Geneva on 28 September 1984;
7. „Persistent organic pollutants” (POPs) are organic substances that: (i) possess toxic characteristics; (ii) are persistent; (iii) bioaccumulate; (iv) are prone to long-range transboundary atmospheric transport and deposition; and (v) are likely to cause significant adverse human health or environmental effects near to and distant from their sources;
8. „Substance” means a single chemical species, or a number of chemical species which form a specific group by virtue of (a) having similar properties and being emitted together into the environment; or (b) forming a mixture normally marketed as a single article;
9. „Emission” means the release of a substance from a point or diffuse source into the atmosphere;
10. „Stationary source” means any fixed building, structure, facility, installation, or equipment that emits or may emit any persistent organic pollutant directly or indirectly into the atmosphere;
11. „Major stationary source category” means any stationary source category listed in annex VIII;
12. „New stationary source” means any stationary source of which the construction or substantial modification is commenced after the expiry of two years from the date of entry into force of: (i) this Protocol; or (ii) an amendment to annex III or VIII, where the stationary source becomes subject to the provisions of this Protocol only by virtue of that amendment. It shall be a matter for the competent national authorities to decide whether a modification is substantial or not, taking into account such factors as the environmental benefits of the modification.
The objective of the present Protocol is to control, reduce or eliminate discharges, emissions and losses of persistent organic pollutants.
1. Except where specifically exempted in accordance with article 4, each Party shall take effective measures:
(a) To eliminate the production and use of the substances listed in annex I in accordance with the implementation requirements specified therein;
(b)
(i) To ensure that, when the substances listed in annex I are destroyed or disposed of, such destruction or disposal is undertaken in an environmentally sound manner, taking into account relevant subregional, regional and global regimes governing the management of hazardous wastes and their disposal, in particular the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal;
(ii) To endeavour to ensure that the disposal of substances listed in annex I is carried out domestically, taking into account pertinent environmental considerations;
(iii) To ensure that the transboundary movement of the substances listed in annex I is conducted in an environmentally sound manner, taking into consideration applicable subregional, regional, and global regimes governing the transboundary movement of hazardous wastes, in particular the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal;
(c) To restrict the substances listed in annex II to the uses described, in accordance with the implementation requirements specified therein.
2. The requirements specified in paragraph 1 (b) above shall become effective for each substance upon the date that production or use of that substance is eliminated, whichever is later.
3. For substances listed in annex I, II, or III, each Party should develop appropriate strategies for identifying articles still in use and wastes containing such substances, and shall take appropriate measures to ensure that such wastes and such articles, upon becoming wastes, are destroyed or disposed of in an environmentally sound manner.
4. For the purposes of paragraphs 1 to 3 above, the terms waste, disposal, and environmentally sound shall be interpreted in a manner consistent with the use of those terms under the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal.
5. Each Party shall:
(a) Reduce its total annual emissions of each of the substances listed in annex III from the level of the emission in a reference year set in accordance with that annex by taking effective measures, appropriate in its particular circumstances;
(b) No later than the timescales specified in annex VI, apply:
(i) The best available techniques, taking into consideration annex V, to each new stationary source within a major stationary source category for which annex V identifies best available techniques;
(ii) Limit values at least as stringent as those specified in annex IV to each new stationary source within a category mentioned in that annex, taking into consideration annex V. A Party may, as an alternative, apply different emission reduction strategies that achieve equivalent overall emission levels;
(iii) The best available techniques, taking into consideration annex V, to each existing stationary source within a major stationary source category for which annex V identifies best available techniques, insofar as this is technically and economically feasible. A Party may, as an alternative, apply different emission reduction strategies that achieve equivalent overall emission reductions;
(iv) Limit values at least as stringent as those specified in annex IV to each existing stationary source within a category mentioned in that annex, insofar as this is technically and economically feasible, taking into consideration annex V. A Party may, as an alternative, apply different emission reduction strategies that achieve equivalent overall emission reductions;
(v) Effective measures to control emissions from mobile sources, taking into consideration annex VII.
6. In the case of residential combustion sources, the obligations set out in paragraph 5 (b) (i) and (iii) above shall refer to all stationary sources in that category taken together.
7. Where a Party, after the application of paragraph 5 (b) above, cannot achieve the requirements of paragraph 5 (a) above for a substance specified in annex III, it shall be exempted from its obligations in paragraph 5 (a) above for that substance.
8. Each Party shall develop and maintain emission inventories for the substances listed in annex III, and shall collect available information relating to the production and sales of the substances listed in annexes I and II, for those Parties within the geographical scope of EMEP, using, as a minimum, the methodologies and the spatial and temporal resolution specified by the Steering Body of EMEP, and, for those Parties outside the geographical scope of EMEP, using as guidance the methodologies developed through the work plan of the Executive Body. It shall report this information in accordance with the reporting requirements set out in article 9 below.
1. Article 3, paragraph 1, shall not apply to quantities of a substance to be used for laboratory-scale research or as a reference standard.
2. A Party may grant an exemption from article 3, paragraphs 1 (a) and (c), in respect of a particular substance, provided that the exemption is not granted or used in a manner that would undermine the objectives of the present Protocol, and only for the following purposes and under the following conditions:
(a) For research other than that referred to in paragraph 1 above, if:
(i) No significant quantity of the substance is expected to reach the environment during the proposed use and subsequent disposal;
(ii) The objectives and parameters of such research are subject to assessment and authorization by the Party; and
(iii) In the event of a significant release of a substance into the environment, the exemption will terminate immediately, measures will be taken to mitigate the release as appropriate, and an assessment of the containment measures will be conducted before research may resume;
(b) To manage as necessary a public health emergency, if:
(i) No suitable alternative measures are available to the Party to address the situation;
(ii) The measures taken are proportional to the magnitude and severity of the emergency;
(iii) Appropriate precautions are taken to protect human health and the environment and to ensure that the substance is not used outside the geographical area subject to the emergency;
(iv) The exemption is granted for a period of time that does not exceed the duration of the emergency; and
(v) Upon termination of the emergency, any remaining stocks of the substance are subject to the provisions of article 3, paragraph 1 (b);
(c) For a minor application judged to be essential by the Party, if:
(i) The exemption is granted for a maximum of five years;
(ii) The exemption has not previously been granted by it under this article;
(iii) No suitable alternatives exist for the proposed use;
(iv) The Party has estimated the emissions of the substance resulting from the exemption and their contribution to the total emissions of the substance from the Parties;
(v) Adequate precautions are taken to ensure that the emissions to the environment are minimized; and
(vi) Upon termination of the exemption, any remaining stocks of the substance are subject to the provisions of article 3, paragraph 1 (b).
3. Each Party shall, no later than ninety days after granting an exemption under paragraph 2 above, provide the secretariat with, as a minimum, the following information:
(a) The chemical name of the substance subject to the exemption;
(b) The purpose for which the exemption has been granted;
(c) The conditions under which the exemption has been granted;
(d) The length of time for which the exemption has been granted;
(e) Those to whom, or the organization to which, the exemption applies; and
(f) For an exemption granted under paragraphs 2 (a) and (c) above, the estimated emissions of the substance as a result of the exemption and an assessment of their contribution to the total emissions of the substance from the Parties.
4. The secretariat shall make available to all Parties the information received under paragraph 3 above.
The Parties shall, in a manner consistent with their laws, regulations and practices, create favourable conditions to facilitate the exchange of information and technology designed to reduce the generation and emission of persistent organic pollutants and to develop cost-effective alternatives, by promoting, inter alia:
(a) Contacts and cooperation among appropriate organizations and individuals in the private and public sectors that are capable of providing technology, design and engineering services, equipment or finance;
(b) The exchange of and access to information on the development and use of alternatives to persistent organic pollutants as well as on the evaluation of the risks that such alternatives pose to human health and the environment, and information on the economic and social costs of such alternatives;
(c) The compilation and regular updating of lists of their designated authorities engaged in similar activities in other international forums;
(d) The exchange of information on activities conducted in other international forums.
The Parties shall, consistent with their laws, regulations and practices, promote the provision of information to the general public, including individuals who are direct users of persistent organic pollutants. This information may include, inter alia:
(a) Information, including labelling, on risk assessment and hazard;
(b) Information on risk reduction;
(c) Information to encourage the elimination of persistent organic pollutants or a reduction in their use, including, where appropriate, information on integrated pest management, integrated crop management and the economic and social impacts of this elimination or reduction; and
(d) Information on alternatives to persistent organic pollutants, as well as an evaluation of the risks that such alternatives pose to human health and the environment, and information on the economic and social impacts of such alternatives.
1. Each Party shall, no later than six months after the date on which this Protocol enters into force for it, develop strategies, policies and programmes in order to discharge its obligations under the present Protocol.
2. Each Party shall:
(a) Encourage the use of economically feasible, environmentally sound management techniques, including best environmental practices, with respect to all aspects of the use, production, release, processing, distribution, handling, transport and reprocessing of substances subject to the present Protocol and manufactured articles, mixtures or solutions containing such substances;
(b) Encourage the implementation of other management programmes to reduce emissions of persistent organic pollutants, including voluntary programmes and the use of economic instruments;
(c) Consider the adoption of additional policies and measures as appropriate in its particular circumstances, which may include non-regulatory approaches;
(d) Make determined efforts that are economically feasible to reduce levels of substances subject to the present Protocol that are contained as contaminants in other substances, chemical products or manufactured articles, as soon as the relevance of the source has been established;
(e) Take into consideration in its programmes for evaluating substances, the characteristics specified in paragraph 1 of Executive Body decision 1998/2 on information to be submitted and procedures for adding substances to annex I, II or III, including any amendments thereto.
3. The Parties may take more stringent measures than those required by the present Protocol.
The Parties shall encourage research, development, monitoring and cooperation related, but not limited, to:
(a) Emissions, long-range transport and deposition levels and their modelling, existing levels in the biotic and abiotic environment, the elaboration of procedures for harmonizing relevant methodologies;
(b) Pollutant pathways and inventories in representative ecosystems;
(c) Relevant effects on human health and the environment, including quantification of those effects;
(d) Best available techniques and practices, including agricultural practices, and emission control techniques and practices currently employed by the Parties or under development;
(e) Methodologies permitting consideration of socio-economic factors in the evaluation of alternative control strategies;
(f) An effects-based approach which integrates appropriate information, including information obtained under subparagraphs (a) to (e) above, on measured or modelled environmental levels, pathways, and effects on human health and the environment, for the purpose of formulating future control strategies which also take into account economic and technological factors;
(g) Methods for estimating national emissions and projecting future emissions of individual persistent organic pollutants and for evaluating how such estimates and projections can be used to structure future obligations;
(h) Levels of substances subject to the present Protocol that are contained as contaminants in other substances, chemical products or manufactured articles and the significance of these levels for long-range transport, as well as techniques to reduce levels of these contaminants, and, in addition, levels of persistent organic pollutants generated during the life cycle of timber treated with pentachlorophenol.
Priority should be given to research on substances considered to be the most likely to be submitted under the procedures specified in article 14, paragraph 6.
1. Subject to its laws governing the confidentiality of commercial information:
(a) Each Party shall report, through the Executive Secretary of the Commission, to the Executive Body, on a periodic basis as determined by the Parties meeting within the Executive Body, information on the measures that it has taken to implement the present Protocol;
(b) Each Party within the geographical scope of EMEP shall report, through the Executive Secretary of the Commission, to EMEP, on a periodic basis to be determined by the Steering Body of EMEP and approved by the Parties at a session of the Executive Body, information on the levels of emissions of persistent organic pollutants using, as a minimum, the methodologies and the temporal and spatial resolution specified by the Steering Body of EMEP. Parties in areas outside the geographical scope of EMEP shall make available similar information to the Executive Body if requested to do so. Each Party shall also provide information on the levels of emissions of the substances listed in annex III for the reference year specified in that annex.
2. The information to be reported in accordance with paragraph 1 (a) above shall be in conformity with a decision regarding format and content to be adopted by the Parties at a session of the Executive Body. The terms of this decision shall be reviewed as necessary to identify any additional elements regarding the format or the content of the information that is to be included in the reports.
3. In good time before each annual session of the Executive Body, EMEP shall provide information on the long-range transport and deposition of persistent organic pollutants.
1. The Parties shall, at sessions of the Executive Body, pursuant to article 10, paragraph 2 (a), of the Convention, review the information supplied by the Parties, EMEP and other subsidiary bodies, and the reports of the Implementation Committee referred to in article 11 of the present Protocol.
2. The Parties shall, at sessions of the Executive Body, keep under review the progress made towards achieving the obligations set out in the present Protocol.
3. The Parties shall, at sessions of the Executive Body, review the sufficiency and effectiveness of the obligations set out in the present Protocol. Such reviews will take into account the best available scientific information on the effects of the deposition of persistent organic pollutants, assessments of technological developments, changing economic conditions and the fulfilment of the obligations on emission levels. The procedures, methods and timing for such reviews shall be specified by the Parties at a session of the Executive Body. The first such review shall be completed no later than three years after the present Protocol enters into force.
Compliance by each Party with its obligations under the present Protocol shall be reviewed regularly. The Implementation Committee established by decision 1997/2 of the Executive Body at its fifteenth session shall carry out such reviews and report to the Parties meeting within the Executive Body in accordance with the terms of the annex to that decision, including any amendments thereto.
1. In the event of a dispute between any two or more Parties concerning the interpretation or application of the present Protocol, the Parties concerned shall seek a settlement of the dispute through negotiation or any other peaceful means of their own choice. The parties to the dispute shall inform the Executive Body of their dispute.
2. When ratifying, accepting, approving or acceding to the present Protocol, or at anytime thereafter, a Party which is not a regional economic integration organization may declare in a written instrument submitted to the Depositary that, in respect of any dispute concerning the interpretation or application of the Protocol, it recognizes one or both of the following means of dispute settlement as compulsory ipso facto and without special agreement, in relation to any Party accepting the same obligation:
(a) Submission of the dispute to the International Court of Justice;
(b) Arbitration in accordance with procedures to be adopted by the Parties at a session of the Executive Body, as soon as practicable, in an annex on arbitration.
A Party which is a regional economic integration organization may make a declaration with like effect in relation to arbitration in accordance with the procedures referred to in subparagraph (b) above.
3. A declaration made under paragraph 2 above shall remain in force until it expires in accordance with its terms or until three months after written notice of its revocation has been deposited with the Depositary.
4. A new declaration, a notice of revocation or the expiry of a declaration shall not in any way affect proceedings pending before the International Court of Justice or the arbitral tribunal, unless the parties to the dispute agree otherwise.
5. Except in a case where the parties to a dispute have accepted the same means of dispute settlement under paragraph 2, if after twelve months following notification by one Party to another that a dispute exists between them, the Parties concerned have not been able to settle their dispute through the means mentioned in paragraph 1 above, the dispute shall be submitted, at the request of any of the parties to the dispute, to conciliation.
6. For the purpose of paragraph 5, a conciliation commission shall be created. The commission shall be composed of equal numbers of members appointed by each Party concerned or, where the Parties in conciliation share the same interest, by the group sharing that interest, and a chairperson chosen jointly by the members so appointed. The commission shall render a recommendatory award, which the Parties shall consider in good faith.
The annexes to the present Protocol shall form an integral part of the Protocol. Annexes V and VII are recommendatory in character.
1. Any Party may propose amendments to the present Protocol.
2. Proposed amendments shall be submitted in writing to the Executive Secretary of the Commission, who shall communicate them to all Parties. The Parties meeting within the Executive Body shall discuss the proposed amendments at its next session, provided that the proposals have been circulated by the Executive Secretary to the Parties at least ninety days in advance.
3. Amendments to the present Protocol and to annexes I to IV, VI and VIII shall be adopted by consensus of the Parties present at a session of the Executive Body, and shall enter into force for the Parties which have accepted them on the ninetieth day after the date on which two thirds of the Parties have deposited with the Depositary their instruments of acceptance thereof. Amendments shall enter into force for any other Party on the ninetieth day after the date on which that Party has deposited its instrument of acceptance thereof.
4. Amendments to annexes V and VII shall be adopted by consensus of the Parties present at a session of the Executive Body. On the expiry of ninety days from the date of its communication to all Parties by the Executive Secretary of the Commission, an amendment to any such annex shall become effective for those Parties which have not submitted to the Depositary a notification in accordance with the provisions of paragraph 5 below, provided that at least sixteen Parties have not submitted such a notification.
5. Any Party that is unable to approve an amendment to annex V or VII shall so notify the Depositary in writing within ninety days from the date of the communication of its adoption. The Depositary shall without delay notify all Parties of any such notification received. A Party may at any time substitute an acceptance for its previous notification and, upon deposit of an instrument of acceptance with the Depositary, the amendment to such an annex shall become effective for that Party.
6. In the case of a proposal to amend annex I, II, or III by adding a substance to the present Protocol:
(a) The proposer shall provide the Executive Body with the information specified in Executive Body decision 1998/2, including any amendments thereto; and
(b) The Parties shall evaluate the proposal in accordance with the procedures set forth in Executive Body decision 1998/2, including any amendments thereto.
7. Any decision to amend Executive Body decision 1998/2 shall be taken by consensus of the Parties meeting within the Executive Body and shall take effect sixty days after the date of adoption.
1. The present Protocol shall be open for signature at Aarhus (Denmark) from 24 to 25 June 1998, then at United Nations Headquarters in New York until 21 December 1998, by States members of the Commission as well as States having consultative status with the Commission pursuant to paragraph 8 of Economic and Social Council resolution 36 (IV) of 28 March 1947, and by regional economic integration organizations, constituted by sovereign States members of the Commission, which have competence in respect of the negotiation, conclusion and application of international agreements in matters covered by the Protocol, provided that the States and organizations concerned are Parties to the Convention.
2. In matters within their competence, such regional economic integration organizations shall, on their own behalf, exercise the rights and fulfil the responsibilities which the present Protocol attributes to their member States. In such cases, the member States of these organizations shall not be entitled to exercise such rights individually.
1. The present Protocol shall be subject to ratification, acceptance or approval by Signatories.
2. The present Protocol shall be open for accession as from 21 December 1998 by the States and organizations that meet the requirements of article 15, paragraph 1.
The instruments of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession shall be deposited with the Secretary- General of the United Nations, who will perform the functions of Depositary.
1. The present Protocol shall enter into force on the ninetieth day following the date on which the sixteenth instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession has been deposited with the Depositary.
2. For each State and organization referred to in article 15, paragraph 1, which ratifies, accepts or approves the present Protocol or accedes thereto after the deposit of the sixteenth instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession, the Protocol shall enter into force on the ninetieth day following the date of deposit by such Party of its instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession.
At any time after five years from the date on which the present Protocol has come into force with respect to a Party, that Party may withdraw from it by giving written notification to the Depositary. Any such withdrawal shall take effect on the ninetieth day following the date of its receipt by the Depositary, or on such later date as may be specified in the notification of the withdrawal.
The original of the present Protocol, of which the English, French and Russian texts are equally authentic, shall be deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF the undersigned, being duly authorized thereto, have signed the present Protocol. Done at Aarhus (Denmark), this twenty-fourth day of June, one thousand nine hundred and ninety-eight.
Unless otherwise specified in the present Protocol, this annex shall not apply to the substances listed below when they occur: (i) as contaminants in products; or (ii) in articles manufactured or in use by the implementation date; or (iii) as site-limited chemical intermediates in the manufacture of one or more different substances and are thus chemically transformed. Unless otherwise specified, each obligation below is effective upon the date of entry into force of the Protocol.
| Substance | Implementation requirements | ||
| Elimination of | Conditions | ||
| Aldrin CAS: 309–00–2 | Production | None | |
| Use | None | ||
| Chlordane CAS: 57–74–9 | Production | None | |
| Use | None | ||
| Chlordecone CAS: 143–50–0 | Production | None | |
| Use | None | ||
| DDT CAS: 50–29–3 | Production | 1. Elimination production within one year of consensus by the Parties that suitable alternatives to DDT are available for public healt protection from diseases such as malaria and encephalitis. 2. With a view to eliminationg the production of DDT at the earliest opportunity, the Parties shall, no later than one year after the data of entry into force of the present Portoról and periodically thereafter as necessary, and in consultation with the World Health Organization, the Food and Agriculture Orgnization of the United Nations and the United Nations Environment Programme, review the availability and feasibility of alternatives and, as appropriate, promote the commercialization of safer and economically viable aternatives to DDT. | |
| Use | None, except as identified in annex II. | ||
| Dieldrin CAS: 60–51–1 | Production | None | |
| Use | None | ||
| Endrin CAS: 72–20–8 | Production | None | |
| Use | None | ||
| Heptachlor CAS: 76–44–8 | Production | None | |
| Use | None, except for use by certified personnel for the control of fire ants in closed industrial electrical junction boxes. Such use shall be re-evaluated under this Protocol no later than two years after the date of entry into force. | ||
| Hexabromobiphenyl | Production | None | |
| CAS: 36355–01–8 | Use | None | |
| Hexachlorobenzene CAS: 118–74–1 | Production | None, except for production for a limited purpose as specified in a statement deposited by a country with an economy in transition upon signature or accession. | |
| Use | None, except for a limited use as specified in a statement deposited by a country with an economy in transition upon signature or accession. | ||
| Mirex CAS: 2385–85–5 | Production | None | |
| Use | None | ||
| PCB * | Production | None, except for countries with economies in transition which shall eliminate production as soon as possible and no later than 31 December 2005 and which state in a declaration to be deposited together with their instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession, their intention to do so. | |
| Use | None, except as identified in annex II. | ||
| Toxaphene CAS: 8001–35–2 | Production | None | |
| Use | None | ||
Unless otherwise specified in the present Protocol, this annex shall not apply to the substances listed below when they occur: (i) as contaminants in products; or (ii) in articles manufactured or in use by the implementation date; or (iii) as site-limited chemical intermediates in the manufacture of one or more different substances and are thus chemically transformed. Unless otherwise specified, each obligation below is effective upon the date of entry into force of the Protocol.
| Substance | Implementation requirements | ||
| Restricted to uses | Conditions | ||
| DDT CAS: 50–29–3 | 1. For public health protection from diseases such as malaria encephalitis. 2. As a chemical intermediate to produce Dicofol. | 1. Use allowed only as a component of an integrated pest management strategy and only to the extent necessary and only until one year after the date of the elimination of production in accordance with annex I. 2. Such use shall be reassessed no later than two years after the date of entry into force of the present Protocol | |
| HCH CAS: 608–73–1 | Technical HCH (i.e. HCH mixed isomers) is restricted to use as an intermediate in chemical manufacturing. | ||
| Products in which at least 99% of the HCH isomer is in the gamma form (i.e. lindane, CAS: 58–89–9) are restricted to the following uses: 1. Seed treatment. 2. Soil applications directly followed by incorporation into the topsoil surface layer 3. Professional remedial and industrial treatment of lumber, timer and logs 4. Public health and veterinary topical insecticide. 5. Non-aerial application to tree seedlings, small-scale lawn use, and indoor and outdoor use for nursery stock and ornamentals. 6. Indoor industrial and residential applications | All restricted uses of lindane shall be reassessed under the Protocol no later than two years after the date of entry into force | ||
| PCB * | PCBs in use as of the date of entry into force or produced up to 31 December 2005 in accordance with the provisions of annex I. | Parties shall make determined efforts designed to lead to: (a) The elimination of the use of identifiable PCBs in equipment (i.e. transformers, capacitors or other receptacles containing residual liquid stocks) containing PCBs in volumes greater than 5 dm3 and having a concentration of 0.05% PCBs or greater, as soon as possible, but no later than 31 December 2010, or 31 December 2015 for countries with; (b) The destruction or decontamination in an environmentally sound manner of all liquid PCBs referred to in subparagraph (a) and other liquid PCBs containing more than 0.005% PCBs not in equipment, as soon as possible, but no later than 31 December 2015, or 31 December 2020 for countries with economies in transition; and (c) The decontamination or disposal of equipment referred in subparagraph (a) in an environmentally sound manner. | |
| Substance | Reference year | |
| PAHs * | 1990; or an alternative year from 1985 to 1995 inclusive, specified by a Party upon ratification, acceptance, approval or accession | |
| Dioxins/furans * | 1990; or an alternative year from 1985 to 1995 inclusive, specified by a Party upon ratification, acceptance, approval or accession. | |
| Hexachlorobenzene | 1990; or an alternative year from 1985 to 1995 inclusive, specified by a Party upon ratification, acceptance, approval or accession. |
1. A definition of dioxins and furans (PCDD/F) is provided in annex III to the present Protocol.
2. Limit values are expressed as ng/m3 or mg/m3 under standard conditions (273.15 K, 101.3 kPa, and dry gas).
3. Limit values relate to the normal operating situation, including start-up and shutdown procedures, unless specific limit values have been defined for those situations.
4. Sampling and analysis of all pollutants shall be carried out according to the standards laid down by the Comité européen de normalisation (CEN), the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), or the corresponding United States or Canadian reference methods. While awaiting the development of CEN or ISO standards, national standards shall apply.
5. For verification purposes, the interpretation of measurement results in relation to the limit value must also take into account the inaccuracy of the measurement method. A limit value is considered to be met if the result of the measurement, from which the inaccuracy of the measurement method is subtracted, does not exceed it.
6. Emissions of different congeners of PCDD/F are given in toxicity equivalents (TE) in comparison to 2,3,7,8-TCDD using the system proposed by the NATO Committee on the Challenges of Modern Society (NATO–CCMS) in 1988.
7. The following limit values, which refer to 11% O2 concentration in flue gas, apply to the following incinerator types: Municipal solid waste (burning more than 3 tonnes per hour)
0.1 ng TE/m3
Medical solid waste (burning more than 1 tonne per hour)
0.5 ng TE/m3
Hazardous waste (burning more than 1 tonne per hour)
0.2 ng TE/m3
1. The purpose of this annex is to provide the Parties to the Convention with guidance in identifying best available techniques to allow them to meet the obligations in article 3, paragraph 5, of the Protocol.
2. „Best available techniques” (BAT) means the most effective and advanced stage in the development of activities and their methods of operation which indicate the practical suitability of particular techniques for providing in principle the basis for emission limit values designed to prevent and, where that is not practicable, generally to reduce emissions and their impact on the environment as a whole:
– ’Techniques’ includes both the technology used and the way in which the installation is designed, built, maintained, operated and decommissioned;
– ’Available’ techniques means those developed on a scale which allows implementation in the relevant industrial sector, under economically and technically viable conditions, taking into consideration the costs and advantages, whether or not the techniques are used or produced inside the territory of the Party in question, as long as they are reasonably accessible to the operator;
– ’Best’ means most effective in achieving a high general level of protection of the environment as a whole.
In determining the best available techniques, special consideration should be given, generally or in specific cases, to the factors below, bearing in mind the likely costs and benefits of a measure and the principles of precaution and prevention:
– The use of low-waste technology;
– The use of less hazardous substances;
– The furthering of recovery and recycling of substances generated and used in the process and of waste;
– Comparable processes, facilities or methods of operation which have been tried with success on an industrial scale;
– Technological advances and changes in scientific knowledge and understanding;
– The nature, effects and volume of the emissions concerned;
– The commissioning dates for new or existing installations;
– The time needed to introduce the best available technique;
– The consumption and nature of raw materials (including water) used in the process and its energy efficiency; The need to prevent or reduce to a minimum the overall impact of the emissions on the environment and the risks to it;
– The need to prevent accidents and to minimize their consequences for the environment.
The concept of best available techniques is not aimed at the prescription of any specific technique or technology, but at taking into account the technical characteristics of the installation concerned, its geographical location and the local environmental conditions.
3. Information regarding the effectiveness and costs of control measures is based on documents received and reviewed by the Task Force and the Preparatory Working Group on POPs. Unless otherwise indicated, the techniques listed are considered to be well established on the basis of operational experience.
4. Experience with new plants incorporating low-emission techniques, as well as with retrofitting of existing plants, is continuously growing. The regular elaboration and amendment of the annex will therefore be necessary. Best available techniques (BAT) identified for new plants can usually be applied to existing plants provided there is an adequate transition period and they are adapted.
5. The annex lists a number of control measures which span a range of costs and efficiencies. The choice of measures for any particular case will depend on a number of factors, including economic circumstances, technological infrastructure and capacity, and any existing air pollution control measures.
6. The most important POPs emitted from stationary sources are:
(a) Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans (PCDD/F);
(b) Hexachlorobenzene (HCB);
(c) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs).
Relevant definitions are provided in annex III to the present Protocol.
7. PCDD/F are emitted from thermal processes involving organic matter and chlorine as a result of incomplete combustion or chemical reactions. Major stationary sources of PCDD/F may be as follows:
(a) Waste incineration, including co-incineration;
(b) Thermal metallurgical processes, e.g. production of aluminium and other non-ferrous metals, iron and steel;
(c) Combustion plants providing energy;
(d) Residential combustion; and
(e) Specific chemical production processes releasing intermediates and by-products.
8. Major stationary sources of PAH emissions may be as follows:
(a) Domestic wood and coal heating;
(b) Open fires such as refuse burning, forest fires and after-crop burning;
(c) Coke and anode production;
(d) Aluminium production (via Soederberg process); and
(e) Wood preservation installations, except for a Party for which this category does not make a significant contribution to its total emissions of PAH (as defined in annex III).
9. Emissions of HCB result from the same type of thermal and chemical processes as those emitting PCDD/F, and HCB is formed by a similar mechanism. Major sources of HCB emissions may be as follows:
(a) Waste incineration plants, including co-incineration;
(b) Thermal sources of metallurgical industries; and
(c) Use of chlorinated fuels in furnace installations.
10. There are several approaches to the control or prevention of POP emissions from stationary sources. These include the replacement of relevant feed materials, process modifications (including maintenance and operational control) and retrofitting existing plants. The following list provides a general indication of available measures, which may be implemented either separately or in combination:
(a) Replacement of feed materials which are POPs or where there is a direct link between the materials and POP emissions from the source;
(b) Best environmental practices such as good housekeeping, preventive maintenance programmes, or process changes such as closed systems (for instance in cokeries or use of inert electrodes for electrolysis);
(c) Modification of process design to ensure complete combustion, thus preventing the formation of persistent organic pollutants, through the control of parameters such as incineration temperature or residence time;
(d) Methods for flue-gas cleaning such as thermal or catalytic incineration or oxidation, dust precipitation, adsorption;
(e) Treatment of residuals, wastes and sewage sludge by, for example, thermal treatment or rendering them inert.
11. The emission levels given for different measures in tables 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, and 9 are generally case-specific. The figures or ranges give the emission levels as a percentage of the emission limit values using conventional techniques.
12. Cost-efficient considerations may be based on total costs per year per unit of abatement (including capital and operational costs). POP emission reduction costs should also be considered within the framework of the overall process economics, e.g. the impact of control measures and costs of production. Given the many influencing factors, investment and operating cost figures are highly case-specific.
A. Waste incineration
13. Waste incineration includes municipal waste, hazardous waste, medical waste and sewage sludge incineration.
14. The main control measures for PCDD/F emissions from waste incineration facilities are:
(a) Primary measures regarding incinerated wastes;
(b) Primary measures regarding process techniques;
(c) Measures to control physical parameters of the combustion process and waste gases (e.g. temperature stages, cooling rate, O2 content, etc.);
(d) Cleaning of the flue gas; and
(e) Treatment of residuals from the cleaning process.
15. The primary measures regarding the incinerated wastes, involving the management of feed material by reducing halogenated substances and replacing them by non-halogenated alternatives, are not appropriate for municipal or hazardous waste incineration. It is more effective to modify the incineration process and install secondary measures for flue-gas cleaning. The management of feed material is a useful primary measure for waste reduction and has the possible added benefit of recycling. This may result in indirect PCDD/F reduction by decreasing the waste amounts to be incinerated.
16. The modification of process techniques to optimize combustion conditions is an important and effective measure for the reduction of PCDD/F emissions (usually 850°C or higher, assessment of oxygen supply depending on the heating value and consistency of the wastes, sufficient residence time – 850°C for ca. 2 sec – and turbulence of the gas, avoidance of cold gas regions in the incinerator, etc.). Fluidized bed incinerators keep a lower temperature than 850°C with adequate emission results. For existing incinerators this would normally involve redesigning and/or replacing a plant – an option which may not be economically viable in all countries. The carbon content in ashes should be minimized.
17. Flue gas measures. The following measures are possibilities for lowering reasonably effectively the PCDD/F content in the flue gas. The de novo synthesis takes place at about 250 to 450°C. These measures are a prerequisite for further reductions to achieve the desired levels at the end of the pipe:
(a) Quenching the flue gases (very effective and relatively inexpensive);
(b) Adding inhibitors such as triethanolamine or triethylamine (can reduce oxides of nitrogen as well), but side-reactions have to be considered for safety reasons;
(c) Using dust collection systems for temperatures between 800 and 1000°C, e.g. ceramic filters and cyclones;
(d) Using low-temperature electric discharge systems; and
(e) Avoiding fly ash deposition in the flue gas exhaust system.
18. Methods for cleaning the flue gas are:
(a) Conventional dust precipitators for the reduction of particle-bound PCDD/F;
(b) Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) or selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR);
(c) Adsorption with activated charcoal or coke in fixed or fluidized systems;
(d) Different types of adsorption methods and optimized scrubbing systems with mixtures of activated charcoal, open hearth coal, lime and limestone solutions in fixed bed, moving bed and fluidized bed reactors. The collection efficiency for gaseous PCDD/F can be improved with the use of a suitable pre-coat layer of activated coke on the surface of a bag filter;
(e) H2O2-oxidation; and
(f) Catalytic combustion methods using different types of catalysts (i.e. Pt/Al2O3 or copper-chromite catalysts with different promoters to stabilize the surface area and to reduce ageing of the catalysts).
19. The methods mentioned above are capable of reaching emission levels of 0.1 ng TE/m3 PCDD/F in the flue gas. However, in systems using activated charcoal or coke adsorbers/filters care must be taken to ensure that fugitive carbon dust does not increase PCDD/F emissions downstream. Also, it should be noted that adsorbers and dedusting installations prior to catalysts (SCR technique) yield PCDD/F-laden residues, which need to be reprocessed or require proper disposal.
20. A comparison between the different measures to reduce PCDD/F in flue gas is very complex. The resulting matrix includes a wide range of industrial plants with different capacities and configuration. Cost parameters include the reduction measures for minimizing other pollutants as well, such as heavy metals (particle-bound or not particle-bound). A direct relation for the reduction in PCDD/F emissions alone cannot, therefore, be isolated in most cases. A summary of the available data for the various control measures is given in table 1.
Table 1: Comparison of different flue-gas cleaning measures and process modifications in waste incineration plants to reduce PCDD/F emissions
| Management options | Emission level (%) * | Estimated costs | Management risks | |
| Primary measures by modification of feed materials: | ||||
| – Elimination of precursors and chlorine-containing feed materials; and – Management of waste streams. | Resulting emission level not quantified; seems not to be linearly dependent on the amount of the feed material. | Pre-sorting of feed material not effective; only parts could be collected; other chlorinecontaining material, for instance kitchen salt, paper, etc., cannot be avoided. For hazardous chemical waste this is not desirable. Useful primary measure and feasible in special cases (for instance, waste oils, electrical components, etc.) with the possible added benefit of recycling of the materials. | ||
| Modification of process technology: | ||||
| – Optimized combustion conditions; | Retrofitting of the whole process needed. | |||
| – Avoidance of temperatures below 850°C and cold regions in flue gas; – Sufficient oxygen content; control of oxygen input depending on the heating value and consistency of feed material; and – Sufficient residence time and turbulence. | ||||
| Flue gas measures: Avoiding particle deposition by: | ||||
| Soot cleaners, mechanical rappers, sonic or steam soot blowers. | Steam soot blowing can increase PCDD/F formation rates. | |||
| Dust removal, generally in waste incinerators: | < 10 | Medium | Removal of PCDD/F adsorbed onto particles. Removal methods of particles in hot flue gas streams used only in pilot plants. | |
| Fabric filters; | 1–0.1 | Higher | Use at temperatures < 150°C. | |
| Ceramic filters; | Low efficiency | Use at temperatures 800–1000°C. | ||
| Cyclones; and | Low efficiency | Medium | ||
| Primary measures by modification of feed materials: | ||||
| Electrostatic precipitation. | Medium efficiency | Use at a temperature of 450°C; promotion of the de novo synthesis of PCDD/F possible, higher NOx emissions, reduction of heat recovery. | ||
| Catalytic oxidation. | Use at temperatures of 800–1000°C. Separate gas phase abatement necessary. | |||
| Gas quenching. | ||||
| High-performance adsorption unit with added activated charcoal particles (electrodynamic venturi). | ||||
| Selective catalytic reduction (SCR). | High investment and low operating costs | NOx reduction if NH3 is added; high space demand, spent catalysts and residues of activated carbon (AC) or lignite coke (ALC) may be disposed of, catalysts can be reprocessed by manufacturers in most cases, AC and ALC can be combusted under strictly controlled conditions. | ||
| Different types of wet and dry adsorption methods with mixtures of activated charcoal, open-hearth coke, lime and limestone solutions in fixed bed, moving bed and fluidized bed reactors: | ||||
| Fixed bed reactor, adsorption with activated charcoal or open- hearth coke; and | < 2 (0.1 ng TE/m3) | High in- vestment, medium operating costs | Removal of residuals, high demand of space. | |
| Entrained flow or circulating fluidized bed reactor with added activated coke/lime or limestone solutions and subsequent fabric filter. | < 10 (0.1 ng TE/m3) | Low in- vestment, medium operating costs | Removal of residuals. | |
| Addition of H2O2. | < 2–5 (0.1 ng TE/m3) | Low in- vestment, low operating costs |
21. Medical waste incinerators may be a major source of PCDD/F in many countries. Specific medical wastes such as human anatomical parts, infected waste, needles, blood, plasma and cytostatica are treated as a special form of hazardous waste, while other medical wastes are frequently incinerated on-site in a batch operation. Incinerators operating with batch systems can meet the same requirements for PCDD/F reduction as other waste incinerators.
22. Parties may wish to consider adopting policies to encourage the incineration of municipal and medical waste in large regional facilities rather than in smaller ones. This approach may make the application of BAT more cost-effective.
23. The treatment of residuals from the flue-gas cleaning process. Unlike incinerator ashes, these residuals contain relatively high concentrations of heavy metals, organic pollutants (including PCDD/F), chlorides and sulphides. Their method of disposal, therefore, has to be well controlled. Wet scrubber systems in particular produce large quantities of acidic, contaminated liquid waste. Some special treatment methods exist. They include:
(a) The catalytic treatment of fabric filter dusts under conditions of low temperatures and lack of oxygen;
(b) The scrubbing of fabric filter dusts by the 3-R process (extraction of heavy metals by acids and combustion for destruction of organic matter);
(c) The vitrification of fabric filter dusts;
